Jak Začít?

Máš v počítači zápisky z přednášek
nebo jiné materiály ze školy?

Nahraj je na studentino.cz a získej
4 Kč za každý materiál
a 50 Kč za registraci!




Ferdinand de Saussure

DOCX
Stáhnout kompletní materiál zdarma (18.62 kB)

Níže je uveden pouze náhled materiálu. Kliknutím na tlačítko 'Stáhnout soubor' stáhnete kompletní formátovaný materiál ve formátu DOCX.

Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913)

His ideas about language:

  1. Linguistic signs

  1. Linearity – the sounds are in some order, we can’t say them at once, they go one another one

  2. Arbitrariness – the particular form is chosen arbitrarily to represent the given meaning

Exceptions:

  1. Onomatopoeic words

  2. Sound symbolism (sounds give you some impression)

  3. Reduplication (malilinkatý, piga – pigapiga)

  • A language does not simply assign names to independently existing concepts

  • A concept is defined by its relations to and differences from other concepts in the system

  • tree is delimited by shrub and cactus

  • Crosslinguistic differences (šaty=oblečení, ale v angličtině dresses-clothes)

  1. conventionality

  2. discreteness

Structuralism

  • a theoretical paradigm that emphasizes that elements of culture must be understood in terms of their relationship to a larger, overarching system or structure.

  • ‘Their most precise characteristic is that they are what the others are not.’

  • Both signifiers (forms) and signigieds (concepts) can change over time

  • Form: Good bye < God be with you (500 yrs)

  • Nice < not knowing, ignorant, stupid, silly (400 yrs)
    … lat. nescius (nescīre = not to know) – sciō mē nescīre (Socrates)

  • silly < worthy, good, holy, pious, nice (decent) (450 yrs)

  • The change of the form or the meaning of a language sign should not be confused with changes of the relationships between language signs

  • Pre-Saussure linguistics – problems with defining what they were actually studying

Saussure distinguished:

  • Langue - the linguistic signs, the system of relations between them, rules for combining them

  • Parole - the act of selecting particular elements, combining them and giving them a concrete form (pronouncing them/writing them)

  • Chomsky gave new term, that we use today – performance/competence

  • The main reason for distinguishing langue and parole is to define the object of linguists’ investigation

  • Linguists should not just describe specific speech acts (parole) but try to determine the units and rules of their combination which make up the language system (langue)

  • Units are defined in relative terms, not absolute

  • Paradigmatic relations

    • Relations between a unit and other units that could appear in the same position (things that can replace each other)

      • Inflectional affixes within a morphological paradigm

      • Phonemes in overlapping distribution

      • A pronoun (proform) and what it refers to

      • Synonyms, antonyms

  • Syntagmatic relations

    • Relations between units that combine with each other

      • A verb and its object

      • An allophone and its context, an allomorph and its context

      • Members of a collocation

Témata, do kterých materiál patří