Komplexy1_Prokes
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Atomové orbitaly
Molekulové orbitaly
Bez interakce s-pz
S interakcí s-pz
Molekulové orbitaly
Lewisovy struktury
Oktetové pravidlo
Ve většině sloučenin zaujímají prvky stabilní konfiguraci vzácného
plynu. Týká se pouze prvků 2. a 3. periody.
Výjimky z oktetového pravidla
Formální náboj
FC = (č. skupiny) - [(počet vazeb) + (počet nevazeb. el.)]
diazomethan
Rezonance
(fenolát)
Hybridizace
sp
sp2
sp3
d- orbitaly
VSEPR
VSEPR
Dipólový moment
Symetrie
Symetrie
KOMPLEXY
Oktaedrální komplex
In an octahedral complex, there are six ligands attached to the central transition metal. The
d-orbital splits into two different levels. The bottom three energy levels are named dxy, dxz,
and dyz (also referred to as t2g). The two upper energy levels are named dx²-y², and dz² (also
referred to as eg). The reason they split is because of the electrostatic interactions
between the electrons of the ligand and the lobes of the d-orbital. In an octahedral, the
electrons are attracted to the axes. Any orbital that has a lobe on the axes moves to a
higher energy level. This means that in an octahedral, the energy levels of eg are higher
(0.6∆o) while t2g is lower (0.4∆o).
In a tetrahedral, there are four ligands attached to the central metal. The d orbital
also splits into two different energy levels. The top three energy levels are named
dxy, dxz, and dyz. The two bottom d energy levels are named dx²-y², and dz². The
reason for this is because the electrons are attracted away from the axes. Any orbital
that has a lobe in-between the axes, it moves to a higher energy level. This means
that dxy, dxz, and dyz have higher energy levels.
Tetraedrální komplex
Čtvercový planární komplex
In a square planar, there are four ligands as well. However, the difference is that the
electrons of the ligands are only attracted to the xy plane. Any orbital in the xy plane
has a higher energy level. There are four different energy levels for the square planar
(from the highest energy level to the lowest energy level): dx2-y2, dxy, dz2, and both dxz