013 crime and society
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Crime and Society
What is a crime?
A crime in a broad sense is an act that violates a political or moral law of any person or social group. In the narrow sense, a crime is a violation of criminal law. In many nations there are criminal standards of bad behaviour. However, not all violations of the law are considered as crimes. For example breaches of contract or infraction are not subjects of criminal law, but rather of the civil law.
The systematic study of causes, prevention, control and penal responses to crime is called criminology.
History
The first civilizations had codes of law, which contained both civil and penal rules. They were not always recorded. The first known written codes were produced by the Sumerians under their king Ur-Nammu. It happened more than 4000 years ago. The Code of Hammurapim, written later, is one of the richest codes of ancient times.
The Romans systematized well-known laws and exported them in to their Empire. Sometime around the year 400 AD the Germanic mercenaries, who had fought down the Romans in England, brought the Roman law and mixed it up with their own Teutonic Law, which was written by the early Anglo-Saxon Kings. Later they struggled to gain power over the land and its people. It was the beginning of the modern concept of laws, because it meant that a crime was not only an offence against the individual person, but it was also wrong against the state. Thus during centuries the law developed into the present form.
Reasons
Crimes are viewed as offences against society, and they are punished by the government. They are divided, according to the subject, into crimes against:
Personality of the State
Rights of the citizens
Public administration
Administration of justice
Religious sentiment
Public order
Public economy, industry and commerce
Public morality
Person and honour
Patrimony
Classification
Crimes can be divided into several overlapping categories:
computer offenses
crimes against people
crimes against property
crimes against state security
drug offences
sexual offences
weapon offences
Another alternative is to divide crimes according to their harmful consequences. The first group consists of crimes like robbery, murder, rape, larceny and fraud. There’s a connection between an action and a harm. Someone was violated or something was stolen and these things don’t usually happen accidentally or naturally.
The second group is represented by homicide, arson or assault. There is a possibility of a gap between an action and a harm, e.g. death, destruction and injury might occur naturally or accidentally.
Crimes can also be classified according to their severity, e.g. felonies, indictable offences, misdemeanors and summary offences.
Prevention and protection
The heart of the matter is to have a good and incorrupt state system of a protection – Criminal Investigation Department. There is an alarm security for personal protection or for protection of facilities that could help bodyguards. Another opportunity for a man is to protect himself with a gun or, for example, with a defensive spray. But the user should have a good psychological condition.