AJ-4-The-human-body

4) THE HUMAN BODY

The human body is arguably the most wonderful, complex organisms on this planet. The human body is a single structure but it is made up of billions of smaller structures of four major kinds: cells, tissues, organs and systems.

The body is composed of ten major systems: Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Endocrine, Urinary, and Reproductive.

PARTS OF THE BODY

The human body consists of three major areas: the head, the trunk and the extremities (limbs). Common names of well known parts of the human body, from top to bottom, are as follows:

HEAD: FOREHEAD, EYE, EAR, NOSE, MOUTH, TONGUE, TEETH, JAW, FACE, CHEEK ,CHIN, NECK

The front of the head, where the eyes, ears, nose and mouth are located, is called the face. The area above the eyes is called the forehead and below the mouth is the chin.

UPPER LIMB: SHOULDER, ARM, UPPER ARM, ELBOW, FOREARM, WRIST, HAND, FINGERS,

In colloquial speech the term arm often refers to the entire upper limb from the shoulder to the wrist. The segment between the shoulder and the elbow is the upper arm and the segment between the elbow and wrist is the forearm.

The shoulder is the ball-and-socket joint between the end of the humerus and the clavicle and scapula.

The elbow joint is the hinge joint between the distal end of the humerus and the proximal ends of the radius and ulna.

The hands are our chief organs for physically manipulating the environment. Each hand is dominantly controlled by the opposing brain hemisphere, and thus handedness, or preferred hand choice for single-handed activities such as writing with a pen, reflects a significant individual trait.

TRUNK: SPINE, BACK, LOWBACK, CHEST, BREAST, RIBCAGE, ABDOMEN

The spine is the central support for the body. Another word for the spine is the backbone. The spine is made of separate irregular bones called vertebrae. There is a layer of cartilage (disc) in between each vertebra that keeps the bones from rubbing against each other. There are twenty six vertebrae in the spine. According to the region and position, the spine is divided into cervical – 7 vertebrae (C1-C7), thoracic – 12 vertebrae (T1-T12), lumbar – 5 vertebrae (L1-L5), sacral – 5 (fused) vertebrae (S1-S5) and coccygeal – 3-5 vertebrae (Co1-Co5).

The chest is the region of the body between the neck and the abdomen. The muscles covering the abdominal wall are abdominal muscles or abs. Ribs are the long curved bones, which form the rib cage. Ribs surround the chest (Latin thorax) and protect the lungs, heart, and other internal organs of the thoracic cavity. The muscles associated with this area are pectoral muscles or pecs and trapezius muscle.

LOWER LIMB: HIP, BUTTOCKS , LEG, THIGH, KNEE, CALF, LOWER LEG, ANKLE, FOOT, HEEL, TOES

The buttocks are formed by the masses of the gluteal muscles or glutes, superimposed by a layer of fat.

The leg is the lower extremity (limb) of the body, extending from the hip to the ankle, and including the thigh, the knee and the lower leg.