Předmět Teorie a metodologie psychologie (PSD_TMPS)

Na serveru studentino.cz naleznete nejrůznější studijní materiály: zápisky z přednášek nebo cvičení, vzorové testy, seminární práce, domácí úkoly a další z předmětu PSD_TMPS - Teorie a metodologie psychologie, Filozofická fakulta, Masarykova univerzita (MU).

Materiál	Typ	Datum	Počet stažení

Cíl

Student should have knowledge of both classical and new models and theories in psychology. These models should be used in his/her doctoral thesis and student have to explain it with respect to the research problem. He/she has to have complex knowledge of philosophy of science, methodology and research methods and he/she should be able to use and explain these knowledge in his/her research.

Osnova

Philosophical Antecedents of Cognitive Psychology: The Emergence of Psychology; The Merging of Philosophy and Physiology into Modern Psychology; The Diverging Perspectives of Modern PsychologyHistory of Psychology: Antecedents of Cognitive Psychology; From Associanism to Behaviorism; Gestalt psychologyResearch Methods in Cognitive Psychology: Goals of Research; Distinctive Methods of Research; Key Issues in Cognitive Psychology; Fields Within Cognitive PsychologyBiological Foundations of Cognitive Psychology: Organization of the Nervous System;The Central Nervous System: The Brain and the Spinal Cord; Viewing the Structures and Functions of the Brain; The Cerebral Hemispheres and the Cerebral Cortex; Hemispheric Specialization; Lobes of the Cerebral Hemispheres and Cortex; Association Areas; Information Processing in the Nervous System; Structural Components: Neurons and Glial Cells; Conduction of Information Within Neurons; Communication Between Neurons; Common NeurotransmittersAttention and Consciousness: Preconscious Processing; Controlled Versus Automatic Processing; Processes Habituation; Selective Attention; Vigilance and Signal Detection; Search; Divided Attention;Theories or Attention: Filter and Bottleneck Theories; Attentional-Resource Theories; Additional Considerations in Attention; Neurocognitive Findings on Attention and Consciousness; Attention and PerceptionPerception: Depth Perception; Perceptual Constancies; Deficits in Forms and Pattern Perception; Gestalt Approaches to Form PerceptionTheories or Perception: Constructive Perception Direct Perception; Synthesizing the Two Theories; A Computalional Theory of Perception; Spatiotemporal Boundary-Formation TheoryTheoretical Approaches to Pattern Recognition: Bottom-up Theories; Top-down Influences on Perception; Comprehension ProcessesAuditory Perception: Speech Perception; Basic Facts About Speech; Theorelical Approaches to Sérech; Perception Is Speech Perception Special?Knowledge Representation: Mental Representation of Knowledge;Representations of Declarative Knowledge: Words Versus Picture; Mental Imagery; Dual-Code Hypothesis: Analogical Images Versus SymbolsPropositional Hypothesis: Functional Equivalence: Mental Manipulations of Images; Possible Synthesis: Dual-Code; Kosslyn's Synthesis; Johnson-Laird's Synthesis; Cognitive Maps, Text MapsRepresentations of Declarative Knowledge: Concepts and Schemas; Semantic Network Models; Representations of Procedural Knowledge; The Production and the Production System; Conceptual Dependency; Integrative Models for Representing Declarative and Non/declarative Knowledge; The Connectionist ModelMemory: Exceptional Memory; Deficient and Outstanding Memory; Recall and Recognition; Implicit Versus Explicit Memory ; Model of Memory; The Sensory Store; The Short- Term Store; The Long- Term Store; Working MemoryModel: Procedural, Episodic, and Semantic Memory; Concepts and Schemas: The Structure of Semantic MemoryMemory Processes: Encoding of Information; Initial Encoding of Information for Brief Storage and Temporary Use; Forms of Encoding for Long- Term StorageForgetting Information from Working Memory; Interference Theory; Decay TheoryTransferring Information From Working Memory to Long-Term Storage; Rehearsal; Organization of Information; Mnemonic DevicesDevelopment of Memory: Differences in Metacognitive ProcessesRetrieval: Difficulties in Studying Retrieval Processes; Retrieval From Short-Term Memory; Effects of Prior Knowledge on Encoding and Retrieval; Effects of Subsequent Knowledge on Retrieval; Context Effects of Encoding and RetrievalLanguage: General Properties of Language: Semantics and SyntaxLanguage Acquisition: Stages of Language Acquisition; Theoretical Explanations of Language Acquisition; Cognition and Language AcquisitionSemantics: Theories of Meaning; Relationships Among Concepts: Basic Levels, Explanations, and Inferences; Semantics and Other Aspects of LanguageSyntax: The Syntax Tendency; Parsing and Phrase Structure; Relationships Among Syntactical Structures; Relationships Between Syntactical and Lexical StructuresLanguage in Context: Linguistic Relativity and. Linguistic Universal; Language in a Social Context; Speech Acts; Conversational Postulates; Language in a Cognitive Context; Scripts; Slips of the Tongue; Metaphorical LanguageProblem solving : The Problem-Solving Cycle; Hindrances to Problem Solving; Mental Sets, Entrenchment, and Fixation; Negative Transfer; Positive Transfer; IncubationCreativity: Psychometric Approaches; Cognitive Approaches; Personality and Motivational ApproachesDecision Making and Reasoning > Classical Decision Theory; Satisficing; Elimination by Aspects; Heuristics and BiasesDeductive Reasoning: Conditional Reasoning; Syllogistic ReasoningInductive Reasoning: Reaching Causal Inferences; Categorical Inferences; Reasoning by AnalogyIntelligence; Structure of Intelligence: A Factor-Analytic Approach; Early Factorial Models; Multidimensional ModelsProcesses of Intelligence: An Information-Processing Approach; Nettelbeck: Inspection Time; Jensen: Choice Reaction Time; Hunt: Lexical Access Speed and Speed of Simultaneous Processing; Sternberg: The Componential Theory and Complex Tasks; Simon: Complex Problem SolvingIntegrative Approaches to Intelligence; Gardner: Multiple Intelligences; Sternberg: The Triarchic TheoryEmotions and the Topography of the MindFeeling TheoriesEmotions and Intentional ObjectsPsychological and Evolutionary ApproachesCognitivist TheoriesPerceptual TheoriesThe Ontology of EmotionsRationality and EmotionsEmotions and Self-knowledgeMorality and EmotionsIntroduction to understanding science. Differen ways of acquiring knowledge. Common sense. Problem of demarcation. Theory and experience. Functions of science.Causality. Finality. Causality as reality or construct of mind. Mistakes in reasoning the causal relations between phenomenas. Open and semi-open system in psychology. Understending causal relations within whole system.Methodology. Method, methodics and technic. Essential methods in psychology. Exterospection and introspection. Object and subject of psychological searching. Positivism and phenomenology. Hermeneutics.Pragmatics. Nomothetic and idiographic paradigm.Logics in research. Induction and deduction, abduction. Concept and meaning. Therms. Definition.Subject and object of research. Psychic phenomena. Research in other humanities.Problem. Known and unknown. Problem in science as an knowledge about unknown. Problem as a question. Different kinds of questions.Theory as solving the problem. Structure of scienticic theries. Hypothesis. Verification.Kvalitative and kvantitative aspect of research. The gap or two sides of the same river.Kvalitative approach in research. Kvality and kvantity. Functions of kvalitative part of research - description, clasification, explication. Developing of theories.Kvantitative part of research. Scale. Operacional definition. Variables and invariants. Kinds of research variables. Internal and external validity.Sample and population. Sampling. Designs with two and more groups. Extent of sample.Various research designs. Prospective and retrospective design. Experimental and correlative design. Explorative and confirmative research.Research methodsObservation. Structure. Selectivity. Observation shedules. Rating scales.Interview. Structure. Interview with indivudual. Group interview. Focus groups. Differend kinds of use - research, diagnostics, therapy. Dialogue. Managing of interview. Exploring the interview. Questionaire. Theme - questions. The kinds of questions. Validity and reliability. Use of questionaire in diagnostics and research.Experiment. Specifics of experiment in psychology. Experiment and theory. Various designs of experiment. Field and laboratory experiment.Anylysis of action results. Content analysis. A criteria of sorting of content elements. System of categories. Cognitive and emotional content of mind. Psycho-semantics. Relation betveen language and mind. Language and individual experience. Searching language use.Qualitative and quantitative aspects of research - the gap or two banks of the same river?Literature:Weiner, Bernard. Human motivation. New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1980. ISBN 0-03-055226-5.Sternberg, Robert J. Kognitivní psychologie : Cognitive psychology (Orig.). Vyd. 1. Praha : Portál, 2002. 636 s. : i. ISBN 80-7178-376-5.Weiner, B. Human motivation: Metaphors, theories and research, Newbury Park, Ca: Sage, 1992Gavin, Helen. The essence of cognitive psychology. 1st pub. London : Prentice-Hall Europe, 1998. xi, 215 s. ISBN 0-13-796459-5.Madsen, K.B. Teorie motivace. Praha: Academia, 1972.Madsen, K. B. Moderní teorie motivace : Modern theories of motivation : (a comparative metascientific study) (Orig.). Vyd. 1. Praha : Academia, 1979. 468 s.Weiner, Bernard. An attributional theory of motivation and emotion. New York : Springer-Verlag, 1986. xi, 304 s. Springer series in social psychology. ISBN 0-387-96312-.Deckers, Lambert. Motivation : biological, psychological, and environmental. Boston : Allyn and Bacon, 2001. xv, 464 s. ISBN 0-205-27115-4.Eysenck, Michael W. A handbook of cognitive psychology. London : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 1984. ISBN 0-86377-016-9.Eysenck, Michael W. - Keane, Marc Peter. Cognitive psychology : a student's handbook. 4th ed. Hove : Psychology Press, 2000. viii, 631. ISBN 0-86377-551-9.Popper, K.R. Logika vědeckého zkoumání. Praha: OIKOYMENH, 1997.Kuhn, T.S. Struktura vědeckých revolucí. Praha: OIKOYMENH, 1997.Feyerabend, P.K. Rozprava proti metodě. Praha: Aurora, 2001.

Literatura

HOSKOVEC, Jiří, Milan NAKONEČNÝ a Miluše SEDLÁKOVÁ. Psychologie XX. století :některé významné směry a školy. 1. vyd. Praha: Karolinum, 2002. 295 s. ;. ISBN 80-246-0300-4. infoStruktura vědeckých revolucí. Edited by Thomas S. Kuhn. 1. vyd. Praha: OIKOYMENH, 1997. 206 s. ISBN 80-86005-54-2. infoBERTALANFFY, Ludwig von. Člověk - robot a myšlení : psychologie v moderním světě. Vyd. 1. Praha: Svoboda, 1972. 184 s. infoPOPPER, Karl Raimund. Věčné hledání :intelektuální autobiografie. V českém jazyce vyd. 1. Praha: Prostor, 1995. 231 s. ISBN 80-901131-8-4. infoKOVÁČ, Damián. Psychológiou k metanoi. 1. vyd. Bratislava: Veda, vydavateľstvo Slovenskej akadémie vied, 2007. 475 s., [8. ISBN 978-80-224-0965-0. infoKognitivní psychologie. Edited by Michael W. Eysenck - Mark T. Keane, Translated by Miroslav Filip. Vyd. 1. Praha: Academia, 2008. 748 s. ISBN 978-80-200-1559-4. infoSTERNBERG, Robert J. Kognitivní psychologie. Translated by František Koukolík. Vyd. 1. Praha: Portál, 2002. 636 s. ISBN 80-7178-376-5. infoEKMAN, Paul, Wallace V. FRIESEN a Phoebe ELLSWORTH. Emotion in the human face : guidelines for research and an integration of findings. New York: Pergamon Press, 1972. infoMADSEN, K. B. Moderní teorie motivace. Vyd. 1. Praha: Academia, 1979. 468 s. info

Požadavky

Zápočet z Doktorského semináře I a II

Garant

PhDr. Zdenka Stránská, Ph.D.

Vyučující

prof. PhDr. Josef Švancara, CSc.prof. PhDr. Tomáš Urbánek, Ph.D.