Předmět Farmakologie 1 (B81154)

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Materiál	Typ	Datum	Počet stažení

Literatura

Recommended literature:1. Lippincott´s illustrated reviews: Pharmacology, 4th edition R.A. Harvey, Champe P.C., R. Finkel, Cubeddo L.X., Clark M.A (eds.), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009.2. Pharmacology, 6th edition, H.P. Rang, M.M. Dale, J.M. Ritter, P.K. Moore (eds.), Churchill Livingstone, 2006/2007.

Požadavky

Institute of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine Charles University Final examination questions (pharmacology) for the dentistry students 2015/2016, (3rd year) 1. a. A new drug is being developed and its manufacturers want to know its oral bioavailability: - What clinical reasons are there for determining oral bioavailability? - Should bioavailability be tested with only fasted subjects? If the answer is no, explain why b. After dental anesthesia, a patient is apprehensive because he can still feel the dentist’s touch, comment. Discuss pharmacology of local anesthetics. c. Hypnotics and sedatives; characteristics of an ideal hypnotic (does it exist?). 2. a. Antihypertensive drugs, classification and side effects b. Main compounds in use that affect cholinergic functions. c. Drugs affecting bone and mineral homeostasis, drug treatment of osteoporosis. 3. a. A dosage regimen is a plan for drug administration. An optimal dosage regimen results in the achievement of therapeutic levels of the drug in the blood without exceeding the minimum toxic concentration. Define maintenance dose, loading dose and how to calculate, therapeutic window and how to adjust the dose when elimination is altered by disease b. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, main classes including COX-2 inhibitors. Clinical uses and adverse effects of aspirin and paracetamol. c. Lidocaine plus epinephrine is drawn up by an A &E doctor for "ring block" anesthesia, to allow him to suture the finger of a young child. Just before injection, he checks the label on the ampoule and discovers his error, Comment. 4. a. Transport mechanisms of drugs across biomembranes b. Describe the uses, mode of action and adverse effects of the following in general anesthesia: Thiopental, Nitrous oxide, Halothane, Pancuronium, Neostigmine. c. The pharmacology of drugs used in epilepsy 5. a. Active and passive transport across biomembranes b. Describe drugs useful in the treatment and prophylaxis of migraine headache (asymptotic phase, prodromal phase and headache phase). c. Outline drugs acting on fungi with mechanisms of action. 6. a. Routes of drug administration (relationship between mode of administration to speed and duration of effect) b. Benzodiazepines and mechanism of action and uses c. Anticoagulants and fibrynolytics, therapeutic indications 7. a. Main pharmacokinetic parameters affecting plasma drug level at steady state b. The pKa of bupivicaine is 8.3. In infected tissue at pH 6.3. Calculate the percentage of the drug in the nonionised form. Outline characteristics of local anaesthetics (classification, mode of action, adverse effects etc.) c. Diuretics (classification, mechanism of action and therapeutic applications) 8. a. Drug biotransformation and significance for drug elimination b. Drug treatment for parkinsonism, potential drug use in other neurodegenerative diseases c. Drugs employed in the management of acute and chronic bronchial asthma attacks 9. a. Kinetics of drug elimination from the body of the organism b. Histamine receptor antagonists and clinical applications c. Therapeutic uses of beta-sympatholytics and calcium channel blockers 10. a. Relationship between dose, plasma level of drug and effect. Demonstrate with graphical presentations. b. Opiates analgesia (mode of action, classification, morphine and other strong agonists, opiate addiction and treatment) c. Severe unwanted effects of antibiotic (allergic reactions, toxicity on nervous system, hematopoesis, cardiovascular and respiratory system with examples) 11. a. Main sites of drug actions (receptors and nonreceptors) b. Local anesthetics, overview, uses, toxicity c. Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection, acid-suppressant drugs, drugs in the treatment of reflux oesophagitis 12. a. Pharmacokinetics and other differences between children and adults. Polypharmacy in the elderly b. Histamine and antihistamines, clinical uses and side effects c. Drugs used in the treatment of tuberculosis 13. a. Drug biotransformation and elimination and contribution to the pharmacodynamic effects and therapeutic uses b. Classification of antihypertensive drugs, status of beta-blockers among these drugs, and various clinical usefulness of beta-blockers. c. Fluoroquinolones and quinolones and other drugs used for treatment of urinary tract infections. 14. a. Factors affecting response to drugs (give examples) b. Drug treatment in hyperlipoproteinemias, classification, drugs reducing cholesterol levels c. Penicillins, differences between various groups, clinical uses 15. a. Pharmacotherapy during pregnancy and lactation b. Hormonal and nonhormonal drugs that are useful in the treatment of bone miniral disorders (eg. Osteoporosis, rickets, osteomalacia, Paget’s disease). c. Describe the appropriate drug treatments (s) for major common skin diseases 16. a. Drug dependence (examples of drug abuse) b. Coronary vasodilators and drugs used in ischemic heart disease c. Classify and describe the pharmacological profiles of drugs used in ophthalmology 17. a. Relationship between dose and effect (define types of doses, therapeutic dose, loading or priming dose, toxic dose, therapeutic index. etc.) b. Neuromuscular blockers and central muscle relaxants c. Drugs during pregnancy and lactation (tocolytics, uterotonics, an overview of adverse effects of drugs during pregnancy 18. a. Significance of pharmacokinetic for optimizing drug dosage (relation between dose, concentration and drug effect, bioavailability, and therapeutic monitoring of blood levels) b. Clinically important alcohols and their antagonists (drugs used to treat alcohol withdrawal, drugs to treat alcohol dependence, drugs used to treat acute methanol or ethylene glycol intoxication). c. Drugs used in congestive heart failure (classification, mode of action in heart failure, ACE inhibitors and inhibitors of AT1 receptors) 19. a. Drug concentration-time course in the blood b. A dentist chooses lidocaine plus epinephrine (adrenaline) for anesthesia during routine work, comment. c. Diabetes mellitus is treated with several parenteral formulations of insulin and oral or parenteral noninsulin antidiabetic agents. Outline these agents with mechanisms of actions and adverse effects. 20. a. Drug concentration-time course in the blood b. Neuroleptics, antidepressants (including selective serotonin release inhibitors SSRI) c. Lidocaine plus epinephrine is drawn up by an A &E doctor for "ring block" anesthesia, to allow him to suture the finger of a young child. Just before injection, he checks the label on the ampoule and discovers his error, Comment. 21. a. Signaling mechanisms and drug action b. Opioid analgesics partial agonists, mixed agonist-antagonist, opiate antagonists, opiate addiction and treatment c. An overview on drugs affecting behavior. Antianxiety drugs and clinical uses 22. a. Indirect acting parasympathomimetics (enumerate the compounds with main clinical uses) b. Nonopiate analgesics, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory compounds c. Hormones and vitamins affecting calcium homeostasis, the treatment of established osteoporosis. Drug treatment of hyper- and hypocalcaemia. 23. a. Drug treatment of DM b. Sympathetic nervous system, Alfa and beta sympathomimetics (classification according to selectivity, therapeutic use, side effects) c. Effects of nitric oxide, and potential use of NO donors and inhibitors. 24. a. Summarize drugs that modulate immune function ( mechanism of action, clinical applications, pharmacokinetics and toxicities. b. Describe, giving examples, the mechanisms by which drugs used for cancer chemotherapy work. What adverse effects do the named drugs cause? c. Uterotonics and tocolytics 25. a. Metabolic pathway of NO biosynthesis, effects, potential use of NO donors and inhibitors. b. Antihypertensive drugs, classification, mode of action, advantages and disadvantages of individual agents c. Chemotherapy of mycobacterial infections almost always involves the use of drug combinations to delay the emergence of resistance and to enhance antimycobacterial efficacy. Discuss these drugs pharmacological profiles. 26. a. Classification of immunosuppressive and imunomodulating agents including cytokines and clinical uses b. Cholinergic mediation, pharmacological and therapeutic implications. c. Acid-suppressant drugs. Emetics and antiemitics. 27. a. Signaling mechanisms and drug action b. Chemotherapy of cancer, classification of cytostatics, adverse effects c. Laxatives and antidiarrheal drugs 28. a Beta-lactam antibiotics (overview of various groups, differences in clinical applications) b. Antihypertensive agents, overview, ACE inhibitors (effect after chronic use, undesired effects) c. Describe adverse drug reactions and drug interactions 29. a. Relation between drug dose and clinical response with graphical illustrations b. The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NASIDs) and acetaminophen are often effective in controlling pain. Other treatment strategies applied to the reduction of inflammation are targeted at immune processes (e.g. glucucorticoids, disease modifying antirheumatic drugs DMARDs) or treatment of gout acute episodes or chronic form. Discuss the pharmacology of mentioned groups. c. Cephalosporins (classification and clinical indications) 30. a. Teratogenic and carcinogenic effects of drugs b. Lidocaine plus epinephrine is drawn up by an A &E doctor for "ring block" anaesthesia, to allow him to suture the finger of a young child. Just before injection, he checks the label on the ampoule and discovers his error, Comment. c. Classify beta-lactam antibiotics and other cell wall synthesis inhibitors: mode of actions and adverse effects. 31. a. Untoward and side effects of drugs (give examples) b. General principles in antimicrobial therapy, classification, mechanisms of effect and development of resistance c. Mechanism of action and therapeutic indications of various anticoagulents 32. a. Sources of drug information and type of information about available drugs b. drug treatment of ischemic heart disease c. Aminoglycosides; indications, side effects 33. a. Drug use and risks before and during pregnancy and during breast-feed feeding b. Benzodiazepines and new compounds with selective hypnotic effects c. Antitussive and expectorant drugs 34. a.Drug intoxication and general principles in patient treatment and specific antidotes b. Drugs in thrombosis, bleeding disorders, and anemia including glycoprorteins that regulate stem cells in bone marrow for patients with blood cell deficiences. c. Drugs used for the treatments of GIT diseases 35. a. mechanism of receptor and non receptor drug actions (give examples) b. Drugs used in hyperlipoproteinemias. Potential drug use in obesity. c. Antimicrobial combinations, advantages and disadvantages, example of synergism and antagonism of individual combinations 36. a. Mechanisms of drug effects at the molecular level, illustrate with examples b. On the basis of opioids’ interaction with relevant receptor(s), classify these drugs with their mechanisms of action, pharmacodynamics, acute and chronic effects. c. Androgens and anabolic steroids, drugs used in prostatic hyperplasia. Examination on prescription writing (Dental medicine) 1. - Rp. A drug for motion sickness - Rp. Antimicrobial agent in ophthalmology 2. - Rp. A drug that reduces cholesterol levels - Rp. Antidepressant drug 3. - Rp. Ointment with 5 % Acidum boricum - Rp. A drug for the treatment of oxyuriasis (for a child b.w. 20 kg) 4. - Rp. Glaucoma (eye drops) - Rp. A drug for hypertension (medium potency) 5. - Rp. Antibacterial drug combination for external use - Rp. Drug for bleeding after delivery 6. - Rp. Infusion of mannitol 10 % (Infusio mannitoli 10%, 500 ml) - Rp. Antimalarial drug 7. - Rp. Antiemetic drug - Rp. Hepatoprotective drug 8. - Rp. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug for adult patient - Rp. Chemotherapeutic agent of urinary tract infection 9. - Rp. Opioid analgesic in drops (Magistraliter) - Rp. Antistaphylococcal drug 10. - Rp. A drug useful in collitis ulcerosa - Rp. An oral anticoagulant drug for patient in outpatients 11. - Rp. An anxiolytic drug - Rp. Chemotherapeutic agent for streptococcal throat infection 12- Rp. A drug in hyperuricemia - Rp. A drug in asthma bronchiale, acute attack 13- Rp. Potassium salt for p.o. application - Rp. A vitamin B12 preparation 14- Rp. Keratolytic ointment (Magistraliter) - Rp. A short acting hypnotic 15. - Rp. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) suppositories for a child (15 kg) (Magistraliter) - Rp. Antacid drug 16. - Rp. Suppositories with glycerol - Rp. A drug in angina pectoris (acute attack) 17. - Rp. Intestinal adsorbent - Rp. Antiviral drug for local use 18. - Rp. Nonopioid antitussic drug - Rp. Macrolide 19. - Rp. Infusion with 10% glucose (Infusio glucosi 10%, 400 ml) - Rp. A drug in status epilepticus 20- Rp. Eye drops with antiseptic drug - Rp. Peroral antidiabetic drug 21- Rp. A drug in chronic congestive heart failure - Rp. Urological tee 22- Rp. Low molecular weight heparin - Rp. Antimanic drug 23- Rp. Combination preparation with antipyretic-analgesic action (Magistraliter) - Rp. Chronic congestive heart failure 24- Rp. Saline laxative (Magnesii sulfas, Natrii sulfas decahydricus) (Magistraliter) - Rp. A preparation containing iron 25- Rp. Eye drops with 1% pilocarpine (Magistraliter with Pilocarpini hydrochloridum) - Rp. Potassium sparing diuretic 26- Rp. Keratoplastic ointment (Magistraliter) - Rp. Highly potent diuretic drug 27. - Rp. Suspension with 5% tannin for external use (Magistraliter with Tanninum) - Rp. Central myorelaxant drug 28. - Rp. Antimicrobial preparation for erradication of Helicobacter pylori - Rp. Digoxin for 75 years old patient with reduced kidney functions 29. - Rp. Opioid analgesic drug as injection - Rp. Hypnotic drug with longer duration of action 30. - Rp. Oral contraceptive drug - Rp. Drug for onychomycosis (Antifungal drug) 31. - Rp. Oral anticoagulant drug - Rp. Uterotonic drug after delivery 32. - Rp. A plasma substituent - Rp. A commonly used neuroleptic drug 33. - Rp. Hormonal drug with immunosupressive action - Rp. Drug with antiaggreganting (antiplatelet) action

Garant

prof. MUDr. František Perlík, DrSc.