Předmět Farmakologie 2 (B81406)

Na serveru studentino.cz naleznete nejrůznější studijní materiály: zápisky z přednášek nebo cvičení, vzorové testy, seminární práce, domácí úkoly a další z předmětu B81406 - Farmakologie 2, 1. lékařská fakulta, Univerzita Karlova v Praze (UK).

Materiál	Typ	Datum	Počet stažení

Literatura

1. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 12th edition, B.G.Katzung (editor), LANGE Medical book, 2012.2. Lippincott’s illustrated reviews: Pharmacology, 5th edition R.A. Harvey, Champe P.C., R. Finkel, Cubeddo L.X., Clark M.A (eds.), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2012.3. Pharmacology, 7th edition, H.P. Rang, M.M. Dale, J.M. Ritter, R.J. Flower, G. Henderson (eds.), Elsevier, Churchill Livingstone, 2012.4. Goodman & Gilman’s Manual of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 11th edition L.L. Brunton, K.L. Parker (eds.), D.K Blumenthal., I.L Buxton., McGraw-Hill, 2008.5. Pharmacotherapy: principles & practice. Chisholom-Burns M. A. et. Al. McGraw-Hill, 2008.6. Pharmacotherapy: a pathophysiological approach. DiPiro J. T. et al., seventh edition, McGraw-Hill, 2008.

Požadavky

Institute of Pharmacology, First Faculty of MedicineCharles UniversityFinal examination questions (pharmacology) for the dentistry students 2011/2012, (3rd year)   1. a.  A new drug is being developed and its manufacturers want to know its oral    bioavailability:    - What clinical reasons are there for determining oral bioavailability?    - Should bioavailability be tested with only fasted subjects? If the answer is no, explain why  b. After dental anesthesia, a patient is apprehensive because he can still feel the dentist’s touch, comment. Discuss pharmacology of local anesthetics.  c. Hypnotics and sedatives; characteristics of an ideal hypnotic (does it exist?).  2. a. Antihypertensive drugs, classification and side effects    b. Main compounds in use that affect cholinergic functions.    c. Drugs affecting bone and mineral homeostasis, drug treatment of osteoporosis.  3. a. A dosage regimen is a plan for drug administration. An optimal dosage regimenresults in the achievement of therapeutic levels of the drug in the blood without exceeding the minimum toxic concentration. Define maintenance dose, loading dose and how to calculate, therapeutic window and how to adjust the dose when elimination is altered by disease    b. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, main classes including COX-2 inhibitors. Clinical uses and adverse effects of aspirin and paracetamol.    c.   Lidocaine plus epinephrine is drawn up by an A &E doctor for "ring block" anesthesia, to allow him to suture the finger of a young child. Just before injection, he checks the label on the ampoule and discovers his error, Comment.    4. a. Transport mechanisms of drugs across biomembranes    b. Describe the uses, mode of action and adverse effects of the following in general anesthesia:         Thiopental, Nitrous oxide, Halothane, Pancuronium, Neostigmine.    c. The pharmacology of drugs used in epilepsy  5. a. Active and passive transport across biomembranesb. Describe drugs useful in the treatment and prophylaxis of migraine headache (asymptotic phase, prodromal phase and headache phase).      c. Outline drugs acting on fungi with mechanisms of action.      6. a. Routes of drug administration (relationship between mode of administration to speed and duration of effect)    b. Benzodiazepines and mechanism of action and uses    c. Anticoagulants and fibrynolytics, therapeutic indications   7. a. Main pharmacokinetic parameters affecting plasma drug level at steady state       b. The pKa of bupivicaine is 8.3. In infected tissue at pH 6.3. Calculate the percentage of the drug in the nonionised form. Outline characteristics of local anaesthetics (classification, mode of acrion, adverse effects etc.)  c. Diuretics (classification, mechanism of action and therapeutic applications)   8. a.   Drug biotransformation and significance for drug elimination          b. Drug treatment for parkinsonism, potential drug use in other neurodegenerative diseases    c. Drugs employed in the management of acute and chronic bronchial asthma attacks   9. a. Kinetics of drug elimination from the body of the organism    b. Histamine receptor antagonists and clinical applications    c.   Therapeutic uses of beta-sympatholytics and calcium channel blockers  10. a. Relationship between dose, plasma level of drug and effect. Demonstrate with graphical presentations.      b. Opiates analgesia (mode of action, classification, morphine and other strong               agonists, opiate addiction and treatment)      c. Severe unwanted effects of antibiotic (allergic reactions, toxicity on nervous     system, hematopoesis, cardiovascular and respiratory system with examples)   11. a. Main sites of drug actions (receptors and nonreceptors)      b. Local anesthetics, overview, uses, toxicity      c. Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection, acid-suppressant drugs, drugs in the      treatment of reflux oesophagitis   12. a. Pharmacokinetics and other differences between children and adults. Polypharmacy        in the elderly    b. Histamine and antihistamines, clinical uses and side effects    c. Drugs used in the treatment of tuberculosis   13. a. Drug biotransformation and elimination and contribution to the pharmacodynamiceffects and therapeutic uses   b. Classification of antihypertensive drugs, status of beta-blockers among these drugs, and various clinical usefulness of beta-blockers.   c. Fluoroquinolones and quinolones and other drugs used for treatment of urinary tract infections.   14. a. Factors affecting response to drugs (give examples)      b. Drug treatment in hyperlipoproteinemias, classification, drugs reducing cholesterol levels      c. Penicillins, differences between various groups, clinical uses  15.     a. Pharmacotherapy during pregnancy and lactationb. Hormonal and  nonhormonal drugs that are useful in the treatment of bone miniral disorders (eg. Osteoporosis, rickets, osteomalacia, Paget’s disease).         c. Describe the appropriate drug treatments (s) for major common skin diseases  16.  a. Drug dependence (examples of drug abuse)       b. Coronary vasodilators and drugs used in ischemic heart disease       c. Classify and describe the pharmacological profiles of drugs used in ophthalmology   17. a.  Relationship between dose and effect (define types of doses, therapeutic dose, loading or priming dose, toxic dose, therapeutic index. etc.)       b. Neuromuscular blockers and central muscle relaxants       c. Drugs during pregnancy and lactation (tocolytics, uterotonics, an overview of adverse effects of drugs during pregnancy    18. a. Significance of pharmacokinetic for optimizing drug dosage (relation between     dose, concentration and drug effect, bioavailability, and therapeutic monitoring of blood levels)b. Clinically important alcohols and their antagonists (drugs used to treat alcohol withdrawal, drugs to treat alcohol dependence, drugs used to treat acute methanol or ethylene glycol intoxication).      c. Drugs used in congestive heart failure (classification, mode of action in heart failure, ACE inhibitors and inhibitors of AT1 receptors)   19. a. Drug concentration-time course in the blood      b. A dentist chooses lidocaine plus epinephrine (adrenaline) for anesthesia during routine work, comment.c. Diabetes mellitus is treated with several parenteral formulations of insulin and   oral or parenteral noninsulin antidiabetic agents. Outline these agents with mechanisms of actions and adverse effects.  20. a. Drug concentration-time course in the blood      b. Neuroleptics, antidepressants (including selective serotonin release inhibitors SSRI)      c. Lidocaine plus epinephrine is drawn up by an A &E doctor for "ring block" anesthesia, to allow him to suture the finger of a young child. Just before injection, he checks the label on the ampoule and discovers his error, Comment.   21. a. Signaling mechanisms and drug action      b. Opioid analgesics partial agonists, mixed agonist-antagonist, opiate antagonists, opiate addiction and treatment      c. An overview on drugs affecting behavior. Antianxiety drugs and clinical uses  22. a. Indirect acting parasympathomimetics (enumerate the compounds with main clinical uses)       b. Nonopiate analgesics, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory compounds       c. Hormones and vitamins affecting calcium homeostasis, the treatment of established osteoporosis. Drug treatment of hyper- and hypocalcaemia.   23. a. Drug treatment of DM      b. Sympathetic nervous system, Alfa and beta sympathomimetics (classification according to selectivity, therapeutic use, side effects)      c. Effects of nitric oxide, and potential use of NO donors and inhibitors.   24. a. Summarize drugs that modulate immune function ( mechanism of action, clinicalapplications, pharmacokinetics and toxicities.         b. Describe, giving examples, the mechanisms by which drugs used for cancer            chemotherapy work. What adverse effects do the named drugs cause? c. Uterotonics and tocolytics  25.  a. Metabolic pathway of NO biosynthesis, effects, potential use of NO donors             and   inhibitors.      b. Antihypertensive drugs, classification, mode of action, advantages and          disadvantages of individual agents      c. Chemotherapy of mycobacterial infections almost always involves the use of drug combinations to delay the emergence of resistance and to enhance antimycobacterial efficacy. Discuss these drugs pharmacological profiles.   26. a. Classification of immunosuppressive and imunomodulating agents including cytokines and clinical uses        b. Cholinergic mediation, pharmacological and therapeutic implications.        c. Acid-suppressant drugs. Emetics and antiemitics.   27. a. Signaling mechanisms and drug action      b. Chemotherapy of cancer, classification of cytostatics, adverse effects      c. Laxatives and antidiarrheal drugs    28. a Beta-lactam antibiotics (overview of various groups, differences in clinical applications)       b. Antihypertensive agents, overview, ACE inhibitors (effect after chronic use, undesired effects)       c. Describe adverse drug reactions and drug interactions   29. a. Relation between drug dose and clinical response with graphical illustrationsb. The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NASIDs) and acetaminophen are often effective in controlling pain. Other treatment strategies applied to the reduction of inflammation are targeted at immune processes (e.g. glucucorticoids, disease modifying antirheumatic drugs DMARDs) or treatment of gout acute episodes or chronic form. Discuss the pharmacology of mentioned groups.      c. Cephalosporins (classification and clinical indications)    30.  a. Teratogenic and carcinogenic effects of drugs       b. Lidocaine plus epinephrine is drawn up by an A &E doctor for "ring block" anaesthesia, to allow him to suture the finger of a young child. Just before injection, he checks the label on the ampoule and discovers his error, Comment.c. Classify beta-lactam antibiotics and other cell wall synthesis inhibitors: mode of actions and adverse effects.     31. a. Untoward and side effects of drugs (give examples)      b. General principles in antimicrobial therapy, classification, mechanisms of effect and development of resistance      c. Mechanism of action and therapeutic indications of various anticoagulents  32. a. Sources of drug information and type of information about available drugs      b. drug treatment of ischemic heart disease      c. Aminoglycosides; indications, side effects   33.  a. Drug use and risks before and during pregnancy and during breast-feed feeding       b. Benzodiazepines and new compounds with selective hypnotic effects       c. Antitussive and expectorant drugs   34. a.Drug intoxication and general principles in patient treatment and specific  antidotesb. Drugs in thrombosis, bleeding disorders, and anemia including glycoprorteins that regulate stem cells in bone marrow for patients with blood cell deficiences.       c. Drugs used for the treatments of GIT diseases  35.     a. mechanism of receptor and non receptor drug actions (give examples)          b. Drugs used in hyperlipoproteinemias. Potential drug use in obesity.          c. Antimicrobial combinations, advantages and disadvantages, example of        synergism and antagonism of individual combinations  36.  a. Mechanisms of drug effects at the molecular level, illustrate with examples       b. On the basis of opioids’ interaction with relevant receptor(s), classify these drugs with their mechanisms of action, pharmacodynamics, acute and chronic effects.        c. Androgens and anabolic steroids, drugs used in prostatic hyperplasia.    

Garant

prof. MUDr. František Perlík, DrSc.