Předmět Fyziologie I (FG10015)

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Materiál	Typ	Datum	Počet stažení

Sylabus

LecturesProf. Dr. Zuzana Červinková, M.D., Ph.D.Prof. Dr. Milan Holeček, M.D., D.Sc.Assoc. Prof. Halka Lotková, M.D., Ph.D.Assoc. Prof. Otto Kučera, M.D., Ph.D. 29. 9. 2015      Introduction to physiology. Functional organization of human body and control of the internal environment. Regulation of body functions. (Červinková 1)29. 9. 2015      Body fluid compartments. Composition of body fluids, measurement of body fluid volumes. (Červinková 1)29. 9. 2015      Function of blood. Red blood cells (composition, metabolism, and function). Hematocrit. Hemoglobin, reactions of hemoglobin. Hemolysis, abnormal red cell fragility. (Červinková 1)30. 9. 2015      White blood cells. General characteristics of leukocytes. (Červinková 1)30. 9. 2015      Regulation of red blood cell production - the role of erythropoietin. Essential substances requied for erythropoiesis. Destruction of red blood cells. Regulation of white blood cell production. (Červinková 1)30. 9. 2015      Plasma. Plasma proteins. Serum. Regulation of acid-base balance. Function of acid-base buffers. (Červinková 1)1. 10. 2015      Hemostasis. Physical and chemical characteristics of platelets. (Lotková 1)7. 10. 2015      Extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms for initiating clotting. Anticlotting mechanisms. Anticoagulant drugs. (Lotková 1)7. 10. 2015      Blood groups. Rh factor. Blood typing. Transfusion. Hemolytic disease of newborn. (Červinková 1)7. 10. 2015      Immunology - introduction. Classification of immune mechanisms (nonspecific defense mechanisms, specific immune mechanisms - humoral and cell-mediated). (Holeček 1)7. 10., 8. 10. 2015    Interactions between nonspecific and specific immune mechanisms. Ontogenesis of immunity. Vaccination and passive immunity. Inflammation, allergy, autoimmunity. (Holeček 2)8. 10. 2015     Transport of ions and molecules across cell membrane. (Červinková 1)14. 10. 2015    Resting membrane potential. Action potential. (Červinková 1)14. 10. 2015     Characters of stimulus. Threshold for initiation of action potential. All-or-nothing principle. Chronaxie. Propagation of action potential. Recording membrane potential and action potentials. Nerve degeneration and regeneration. Properties of mixed nerves. Compound action potentials. Nerve fiber types and function. (Červinková 1)14. 10. 2015     Synaptic transmission. Excitatory and inhbitory postsynaptic potentials. Presynaptic inhibition and facilitation. (Červinková 1)15. 10. 2015     Summation and occlusion. Classification of neurotransmitters. (Červinková 1)15. 10., 21. 10. 2015    Contraction of skeletal muscle. Neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle. Energy source and metabolism of muscle contraction. Heat production in muscle. Excitation - contraction coupling. Muscle fatigue. (Červinková 2)21. 10. 2015     Contraction and excitation of smooth muscle. Neuromuscular junctions of smooth muscle. Neural and hormonal control of smooth muscle contraction. (Červinková 1)21. 10., 22. 10. 2015  Spinal cord reflexes - proprioceptive stretch and tendon reflexes, exteroceptive reflexes, the role of muscle spindle and of gamma system, reciprocal innervation, flexor and extensor reflexes, and the crossed extensor reflex.  (Holeček 2)22. 10., 29. 10. 2015     Control of posture and movement - motor functions of spinal cord, cerebellum, basal ganglia, descendent part of reticular formation and brain cortex. (Holeček 2)29. 10. 2015     The reticular activating system, spontaneous and evoked electric brain activity (EEG and evoked potentials). (Holeček 1)4. 11. 2015      Regulation of visceral function - the role of spinal cord, medulla oblongata, hypothalamus and limbic system in control of vegetative functions (vital centers, vomiting, hugner, thirst, sexual reactions, body temperature). Relation of hypothalamus to pituitary gland. (Červinková 1)4. 11. 2015      Higher nervous functions, unconditioned and conditioned reflexes, dynamic stereotype, learning memory, second signal system, physiology of language, hemispheric dominance, frontal lobes, experimental neurosis, types of higher nervous activity. (Lotková 2)5. 11. 2015      Sleep and wakefulness. (Červinková 1)5. 11. 2015      Blood - brain barrier cerebrospinal fluid. Functional organisation of cortex. (Holeček 1)11. 11. 2015    The autonomic nervous system - general organization, transmitters, basic characteristics of sympathetic and parasympathetic functions, receptor substances of the effector organs - cholinergic and adrenergic receptors. (Holeček 2)11. 11., 12. 11. 2015    Action potential in cardiac muscle. Electrical and mechanical properties of cardiac muscle. Prepotential. (Červinková 2)12. 11. 2015     The specialized excitatory and conductive system of the heart. Origin and spread of cardiac excitation. Contraction of cardiac muscle. Excitation-contraction coupling. (Červinková 1)18. 11. 2015     The heart as a pump. The cardiac cycle. The main hemodynamic events associated with the cardiac cycle. Heart sounds. Electrocardiogram. Bipolar and unipolar leads. Cardiac vector. Arrythmias. (Červinková 2)18. 11., 25. 11. 2015    Cardiac output -method of measurement. Factors controlling cardiac output. Coronary blood flow. Oxygen consumption of the heart. (Červinková 2)25. 11. 2015     Dynamics of blood flow. Flow, pressure, and resistance. Laminar and turbulent flow. Poiseuille-Hagen formula. Critical closing pressure. Law of Laplace. (Kučera 2)26. 11. 2015     Arterial and arteriolar circulation. Arterial pressure. Capillary circulation. Lymphatic circulation and interstitial fluid volume. Venous circulation, venous return. (Červinková 1)26. 11. 2015     Local and systemic cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms. Cardiac innervation. The reflex mechanisms for maintaining normal arterial pressure. (Červinková 1)2. 12. 2015      Circulation through special regions (cerebral circulation, splanchnic circulation, circulation of the skin, placental and fetal circulation). (Červinková 2)2. 12. 2015      Introduction to respiration (anatomy of the lungs, properties of gases). (Holeček 1)9. 12. 2015      Pulmonary ventilation (inspiration and expiration, intrapleural pressure, intraalveolar pressure, dead space, surface tension in alveoli, resistance to airflow, effects of gravity, work of breathing). (Holeček 1)9. 12. 2015      The external manifestations of pulmonary ventilation (respiratory movements, breath sounds). The pulmonary volumes and capacities, forced expiratory vital capacity. (Holeček 2)16. 12. 2015     Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the respiratory membrane, pulmonary circulation. Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and tissues. (Holeček 1)16. 12. 2015     Control of pulmonary ventilation. hypoxia, hypercapnia, oxygen therapy, effect of increased barometric pressure. (Holeček 2) Practical courses & seminarsLecturersProf. Dr. Zuzana Červinková, M.D., Ph.D.Prof. Dr. Milan Holeček, M.D., D.Sc.Assoc. Prof. Michaela Adamcová, M.D., Ph.D.Assoc. Prof. Halka Lotková, M.D., Ph.D.Assoc. Prof. Otto Kučera, M.D., Ph.D.Renáta Ferenčíková, M.D., Ph.D.Václav Šafka, M.D., Ph.D.David Rychtrmoc, M.D., Ph.D.Alena Moravcová, Dr.Ondřej Sobotka, M.D.SeminarsTest (MCQ) and seminar - hematology.Test (MCQ) and seminar - immunology.Test (MCQ) and seminar - general neurophysiology and myology.Test (MCQ) and seminar - central nervous system. Practical coursesIntroduction to practical laboratories. Rules of safety work in laboratories. Rules of blood handling and blood sampling. Counting of red blood cells.Introduction to practical laboratories. Rules of safety work in laboratories. Rules of blood handling and blood sampling. Packed cell volume (PCV - Hematocrit). Specific gravity of blood.Measurement of hemoglobin concentration. Reactions of hemoglobin.Hemolysis. Testing of fragility of red blood cells.Counting of platelets. Investigation of capillary resistance. Investigation of bleeding time.Determination of clotting time (Lee-White), APTT, prothrombin time.Red blood cell sedimentation. Wet preparation of human blood and poikilothermic animal blood. Calculation of red blood cell indices.How to gain a scientific information (Held in Medical Library).Counting of white blood cells. Preparation and staining of blood smear for differential count.Testing for blood group and Rh factor.Classification of white blood cells (differential count).Computer simulation of action potential (PC program "AXONLAB").Computer modelling of neuromuscular transmission (PC program "CONDUCT"). Mechanical properties of muscle - recording of single twich, summation, superposition, and tetanus (videofilm).Basic of neurological examination - proprioceptive and exteroceptive reflexes.Recording and analysis of the human ECG - part I.Recording and analysis of the human ECG - part II.Physical examination of cardiovascular system. Determination of arterial blood pressure.Simulation of cardiovascular function - PC programme CorVascSim.Ethical problems connected with animal experimentation in biomedical research and education.Harvard step test.CREDIT.

Literatura

Compulsory literatureW. F. Ganong Review of Medical Physiology. 19th ed., Appleton & Lange, 1999. ISBN 0-8385-8252-4Z. Cervinkova et al. A Manual in Laboratory Studies in Physiology (obtained at the 1st practical class) Recommended literature1. A. C. Guyton, J. E. Hall: Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition, 2011

Požadavky

Credit:Credit will be given to the students, who fulfil the attendance requirements and have passed the examinations in each of the individual physiology system in that semester. Each semester that contains physiology has a single credit, i.e. there are two credits. Students are required to attend all practical (laboratory) classes; absence due to illness has to be supported with a doctor,s certificate. The number or legitimated absences may not exceed 15 % of all practical classes. If more that 15 % laboratory class per term are missed the position will be reviewed by the Head of the Department of Physiology. At the end of laboratory classes in each system, a seminar will be held during which the students will be tested on that system. The test will be in the form of a multiple choice questionnaire. If the student failrs this test, there is an opportunity to take an oral test on the same material. To obtain a credit the students have to pass each of the systems tests achieving at least grade 3 or less. Examination:Practical examination:In the final laboratory class of the summer semester students will undertake a practical laboratory examination. For admission to the practical examination student must have credit in both winter and summer term. The timing of the practical examination is fixed and only in very exceptional circumstances and with the permission of the Head of the Department of Physiology, an alternative date can be set for an individual student/s. Absence on the practical examination due to illness has to be supported with a doctor's certificate. The alternate date is also for students who don´t pass any test and thus they cannot receive a credit. These students are obliged to correct the test(s) until the date of alternate practical class. When attending the laboratory examination the student must produce the records and data from all the practical classes. Students select a question that will be one of the practical classes that the student has undertaken during the entire physiology course. In addition to this practical techniques student will be expected to demonstrate or understand of the background information which formed part of the original laboratory practical exercise. If the student fails this practical laboratory exercise no reset is available and the "fail" will be recorded. In the overall grade awarded in the final examinations, a fail recorded in the practical will be taken into account and could results in failing the course as a whole. Final examination:For admission to final examination students must receive credits in both winter and summer term, complete practical examination and sign up for final examination. The examination comprises an introductory written test, then oral exam follows. Re-examination comprise only the oral part. Use of electronic devices (cell phones, tablets, notebooks etc.). unauthorized materials or communication with other students is strictly prohibited. After selecting final exam question it is not allowed to leave the room and when necessary an escort will be provided. In case of failure to comply with these rules, students will be classified "failed". Detailed information on the format of this examination will be posted on the bulletin board at the end of the spring term.

Garant

prof. MUDr. Zuzana Červinková, CSc.