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Gynaecology - Diseases and dysfunctions of the female reproductive system

DOC
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EXERCISES:

What are gynaecology and obstetrics interested in?

What are the most popular methods of contraception used by the female?

Describe briefly the prenatal development of the foetus.

Describe the techniques of monitoring foetus.

Describe the birth process from beginning to end.

What are the most common disorders of the female reproductive system.

Explain some complications in pregnancy.

Describe the function of a physiotherapist in a gynaecological ward and obstetric ward (in relation to the female sex)

Explain exercises of women according to Mrs. L. Mojžíšová.

What serious questions need to be considered before deciding to have children?

What are the possible effects of drinking alcohol while pregnant.

DIAGNOSIS: FEMALE

Medical science is learning that sex does make a difference. Men’s and women’s bodies each have their own health problems, react differently to drugs and often require different treatments. We bring you some of the latest thinking:

IMMUNE COMPLEXITY

A woman’s immune system displays an exquisite amount of control that a man’s cannot replicate. Women are more prone to developing lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis, all conditions in which the immune system attacks healthy tissue.

HABITS OF THE HEART

The classic chest-crushing pain that is the hallmark of a heart attack turns out to be mainly a male symptom. Women’s heart attacks, by contrast, tend to show up as shortness of breath, fatigue and jaw pain, stretched out over hours rather than minutes. Women tend to suffer their first heart attack 10 years older than men. Yet, partly because the women are older, those heart attacks are more often fatal. This is a postmenopausal phenomenon, a trade-off for years of protection from oestrogen. Staying bathed in the hormone keeps blood vessels elastic and free of hardened-plaque formations. Oestrogen also instructs the liver to churn out more HDL, or good cholesterol, which pulls plaque away from artery walls. Drugs commonly used to break up clots and stabilize erratic heartbeats are less effective in women than in men. Hormone-replacement therapy – oestrogen and protesting – has been shown to help.

REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

Advances in diagnostic exams and hormone treatments have drastically cut the incidence of cancer of the uterus, ovaries and cervix over the past five decades. Smears may detect abnormal cells in the cervix before they become malignant. A low-fat diet can cut the risk of cervical cancer.

RISKS TO THE KNEE

As women participate in more and more sports, orthopaedists are noticing a difference in the types of injuries women are prone to. They appear to be more susceptible than men to damaging the ligaments that hold the knee together. Many women basketball players have suffered painful and potentially debilitating tears to the anterior cruciate ligament, which take months to heal.

MIND AND MOOD

Women are more prone to depression than men, and the reason may have as much to do with biology as it has with stress and other life-style factors. Evidence is mounting that the male and female brains may respond differently to hormones and brain chemicals. Women produce less serotonin, a mood-regulating chemical, than men, and are more sensitive to changes in serotonin levels, which are in turn regulated by oestrogen. Oestrogen may stave off the dementia and memory loss of Alzheimer’s disease by actually encouraging neurons in the brain to grow new nerve extensions. Postmenopausal women who do not have hormone-replacement therapy have a greater chance of developing Alzheimer’s and memory loss than men of the same age, whose testosterone is metabolized into estradiol, a form of oestrogen.

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