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History of English Speaking Countries

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New Zealand

Captain James Cook reached New Zealand on 19 April 1770 on the first of his three voyages – first to map New Zealand. From the late 18th century, the country was regularly visited by explorers and other sailors, missionaries, traders and adventurers. In 1840 the Treaty of Waitangi was signed between the British Crown and various Māori chiefs, bringing New Zealand into the British Empire and giving Māori equal rights with British citizens.

Canada

Between 15th and 16th century Canada became known to Europe; first permanent settlements were established by French (port Royal and Québec). With inhabitants came diseases that killed many native people (Inuits). Century later (17-18 century) French fought with Indians. These wars lead to dominance in power of Great Britain and France was pushed away from its land. Canada didn’t take side of 13 colonies in the War of Independence. Indians and colonist that took side of the British played an important role in the British-American war 1812 -15. War ended with no loser or winner (status qua ante). In 1837 Union of Canada was made. In 1864 Oregon Treaty ended the territorial disputes between USA and Canada. The 1867 Constitution Act officially proclaimed Canadian Confederation. Canada joined WWI. In 1919 Canada singled and step out of League of Nations. The 1931 Statute of Westminster affirmed Canada's independence. The Great Depression of the early 1930s brought great economic hardship to Canada. During the WWII Canada supplied the USA, the UK, and USSR. After the war, Canada’s post-war economic growth, combined with the policies of successive Liberal governments, led to the emergence of a new Canadian identity, marked by the adoption of the current Maple Leaf Flag in 1965.

The USA

The indigenous people of America were Indians (Native Americans), who lived alone until 1492 when Christopher Columbus discovered America for Europe. The first English colony was founded in Virginia in 1607 by an English explorer Sir Walter Raleigh. In the 18th century, there were 13 colonies along the Atlantic coast, which were under British rule. This “Boston Tea Party” marked the beginning of the War of Independence (1775-1783). On July 4, 1776, the representatives of the original 13 colonies signed the Declaration of Independence, which established the United States of America. Britain recognized the USA in 1783. In 1788, the American Constitution was adopted and the following year George Washington was elected the first President of the USA. Disagreement on the slavery question led to the Civil War between the agricultural South and the industrial North, which started in 1861 and finished in 1965, and resulted the victory of the North. US were neutral in WWI but in 1917 declared war on Germany and funded the Allied victory. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour on December 7, 1941, the United States entered World War II alongside the Allies and helped defeat Nazi Germany in Europe. The Atomic Age began in 1945 when the US dropped A-bombs on Japan. This ended WWII, but afterwards the US and USSR began a contest to dominate the world. The Cold War lasted over forty years and ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union in the 1990s. The most important events of this war were the birth of NATO in 1949, testing new nuclear weapons, the space race, the Korean War (1950-1953), the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 and the Vietnam War (1965-1973).

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