Articles
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with a noun in plural: 1) nationality nouns: the Chinese, the Americans
2) phrases with an adjective head referring to a group of people: the unemployed, the rich
3) collective nouns, the plural of countable: the police, the public, Getting the unions and the bosses to agree isn't easy.
ZERO ARTICLE
- it is used with countable nouns in plural and uncountable nouns for indefinite reference instead of a/an, it can be substituted by some = it mainly expresses specific indefinite reference and also generic ref.
REMEMBER that zero article is (or can be) used in the following situations:
noun phrases in copular relation when the complement names a unique role
Bill is (the) captain of the team.
noun phrases with sporadic reference
institutions of human life and society: be in/go to town, bed, hospital
X redecorate the hospital
means of transport: travel by bus, communicate by radio, e-mail
times of the day : at sunset, at sunrise, after dark X during the day, in the evening
at night, at noon wake up in the night
seasons: Winter is cold here. X The spring of the last year was cold.
meals: What are we having for dinner tonight?
some illnesses: anemia, appendicitis, diabetes, influenza, pneumonia
c) parallel structures: arm in arm, face to face, side by side, from father to son, wife and husband, from west to east
d) fixed phrases involving prepositions: on foot, in turn, out of step, on top of, take advantage of
ARTICLES WITH ABSTRACT UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS:
usually no article when used generically
They must go hand in hand with practice.
normally no article occurs when an abst. uncount. noun is pre-modified:
She studies English history.
if the same noun is post-modified, especially by an "of phrase", we use the definite article
She studies the history of English
ARTICLES WITH PROPER NOUS
- Proper nouns always have a definite reference
- no article with common nouns is different from zero article, because zero article expresses specific indefinite reference or generic reference, which doesn't go together with the nature of proper nouns
The use of articles with proper nouns: self-study !
(unless specified based on Dušková 1994 and Quirk 1985)