Relative clauses
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RELATIVE CLAUSES
DEFINING – RESTRICTIVE
A philatelist is a person who collects stamps.
NON-DEFINING, NON-RESTRICTIVE
I had a very interesting meeting with Dr. Novák, who collects stamps in his spare time.
DEFINING
Relative pronoun SUBJECT of a relative clause
He paid the man WHO/THAT had done the work.
This is the photo WHICH/THAT shows my house.
Relative pronoun OBJECT of a relative clause
The doctor (WHO/WHOM/THAT) they had called was delayed because of a traffic accident.
This is the photo (WHICH/THAT) she showed us yesterday.
Relative pronoun object of a preposition
The doctor TO WHOM she sent him is a specialist.
WHO/M TO
THAT TO
TO
THAT – used for persons and things ONLY in defining relative clauses
The relative pronoun may be omitted ONLY in defining clauses
NON-DEFINING
Relative pronoun SUBJECT of a relative clause
Mr Jenkins, WHO has written several books, spoke at the meeting last night.
Relative pronoun OBJECT of a relative clause
Peter Novák, WHO/M the manager sacked last week, has become chairman.
Relative pronoun object of a preposition
Mr Jones, FOR WHOM I work, got married yesterday.
WHOM FOR
WHO FOR
Other Wh- words – WHEN, WHERE, WHY
That‘s the woman WHOSE son won the competition.
This is the house WHERE the windows were broken.
WHOSE windows
the windows OF WHICH
OF WHICH the windows
I need to know the exact time WHEN you expect to arrive.
Do you know the hotel WHERE we are staying?
He shops over in Oxford, WHERE his sister lives.
DEFINING & NON-DEFINING
He has a brother who is a scientist.
He has a brother, who is a scientist.
All the books which had pictures in them were sent to the little girl.
All the books, which had pictures in them, were sent to the little girl.
I will wear no clothes which will distinguish me from my fellow-men.
I will wear no clothes, which will distinguish me from my fellow-men.
THAT after ALL, EVERYTHING, ….SUPERLATIVES
All that remains for me to do is to say goodbye.
Everything that can be done has been done.
I’ll do everything (that) I can.
SENTENTIAL RELATIVE CLAUSES
He walks for an hour each morning, WHICH would bore me.
Things then improved, WHICH surprises me.