Proform
Níže je uveden pouze náhled materiálu. Kliknutím na tlačítko 'Stáhnout soubor' stáhnete kompletní formátovaný materiál ve formátu DOC.
PRO FORMS
(Quirk, R. A Student´s Grammar of the English Language, Longman, pp. 248 – 255)
We replace items which are too long or well-known to be repeated
substitute words – pro-forms
NOUNS + NOUN PHRASES
Pronouns
Looking up, she caught David’s eye. He was sitting directly opposite.
Coordinate clauses – repetition, substitution, omission
It was Peter who suffered from insomnia, and it was Peter who had a heart attack.
he
But Peter wanted it, bought it, and then sold it again.
Subordinate clauses
Ben did it because he wanted it.
One(s), another, both, this, that, these, those, the same, the former/latter …..
SUBSTITUTES FOR PREDICATION
Do
I hope people won’t read it. I never do.
Do so, do it, do that
Do = main verb, not an auxiliary
She had married and produced as it seemed cheerful children. Maybe she
shouldn’t have done it/so/that.
SUBSTITUTES FOR CLAUSES
So – an affirmative that clause after certain verbs:
appear fear presume think
assume guess say trust
believe hope suppose understand
expect imagine tell be afraid
Not – negative that-clause
The recipe said so.
I think so.
I’m afraid not.
Sometimes we place the So at the beginning of an utterance.
So it seems.
So it appears.
believe
expect
imagine
suppose
think
2 negative structures, no difference in meaning.
I don’t suppose so.
I suppose not.
Conditional clauses starting with IF – SO or NOT substitute for a whole preceding clause.
To show (un)certainty, (im)possibility in a response utterance, we can use
SO after: maybe, perhaps, possibly
NOT after: apparently, certainly, perhaps, probably, surely, of course
as a substitute for a preceding clause.
Perhaps so, thought Peter, but then – perhaps not.
She says, she takes them out every day. Surely not.
The Golden Rule - Substitute wherever possible, provided you do not lose meaning.
Antecedents and the replaced expressions
COREFERENCE
George was the best runner in our school, and so everyone expected that he would win the prize.
SUBSTITUTION
Fiona got a first prize this year, and I got one last year.