Přednáška-adjectives
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ADJECTIVES
while traditional grammars usually define nouns and verbs semantically, they often shift to functional criteria to characterize adjectives: "a word that modifies a noun or a pronoun".
This definition holds for simple cases: old shoes, offensive remark
X stone wall, stony path,* old them
additional criteria are needed:
adjectives can be compared
they can end in adjectival derivational suffixes
relatively set position in a sentence
POSITIONS OF ADJECTIVES IN A SENTENCE
Attributive: in front of a NP it modifies: useful information
Predicative: it comes directly after copula (linking) verb = subject/object complement: This information is useful.
most adjectives beginning with a: be alive, awake, predicative adjectives often express not permanent, but time neutral characteristic: they are happy together
Postpositive: directly after the NP it modifies, can usually be regarded as a reduced relative clause: something useful
obligatory if an adjective is postmodified: a situation impossible to foresee, common with pronouns: anything definite
Sometimes the position of an adjective can change its meaning
Attributive X predicative position:
Agatha is very old now. He's an old friend.
Your suitcase is very heavy. Paterson is a heavy smoker.
You are late again. My late uncle was a miner.
Attributive X postpositive position:
The concerned doctor rang for an ambulance. The doctor concerned is on holiday.
It was a proper question. The question proper has not been answered.
involved, responsible, present
often the distinction is between “permanent” and “temporary”
visible stars the stars visible
Adjectives describing health: faint, ill, poorly, unwell, well
when used in connection with health - they are usually used predicatively
He's ill/unwell. He feels faint. I'm very well. I'm fine.
well: functions both as an adj. and adv.
He's well.
He speaks English well.
faint, ill: when used attributively - change in meaning
a faint chance, a faint hope
an ill decision
Present and past participles used as adjectives
-ed participles X some adj. ending in -ed are not participles → [id]
broken window aged parent, crooked path, naked man, wicked witch,
locked door learned man, beloved child
Adjectives X adverbs
since adverbs are morphologically the closest part of speech to adjectives they are often formally non-distinct: long, fast late, and a number of forms ending in –ly can function as both adjectives and adverbs: kindly, early, likely ..
a few adverbs and adverb particles can function as attributive adjectives especially in fixed phrases: the above statement, an away match, the upstairs bathroom, the inside cover, the then chairman
Measurements: when followed by an adjective/adverb - plural
six metres high
when followed by a noun - singular
He's a six-foot man.
+ compound adjectives of measurement
a three-year-old building, ten-minute walk, a twelve inch ruler
Word order:
quality size/age/shape colour origin past part. material purpose/use