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010 the internet

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The Internet

a) Its characteristic and history

The Federal Networking Council (FNC) agrees that the following language reflects our definition of the term 'Internet'. 'Internet' refers to the global information system that --

(i) is logically linked together by a globally unique address space based on the Internet Protocol (IP) or its subsequent extensions/follow-ons;

(ii) is able to support communications using the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite or its subsequent extensions/follow-ons, and/or other IP-compatible protocols; and

(iii) provides, uses or makes accessible, either publicly or privately, high level services layered on the communications and related infrastructure described herein.

(Unanimous resolution, Federal Networking Council, October 24, 1995)

The Internet (also known simply as the Net) is the worldwide, publicly accessible[w]

[w] some common usage, the Internet and the World Wide Web are not synonymous: the Internet is a collection of interconnected computer networks, linked by copper wires[w][w] using the Internet. The Internet also provides many other services including e-mail, file sharing and others described below.

b) Internet censorship

Internet censorship is control or suppression[w]

[w] online: residents of a country that bans[w][w] by one government to prevent its citizens from seeing certain material can have the effect of restricting foreigners, because the government may take action against Internet sites anywhere in the world, if they host objectionable material.

Total censorship of information on the Internet, however, is very difficult (or impossible) to achieve due to the underlying distributed technology of the internet. Pseudonymity and data havens (such as Freenet) allow unconditional free speech, as the technology guarantees that material cannot be removed and the author of any information is impossible to link to a physical identity or organization.

Censorship by governments

The majority of Internet access in Muslim countries is through government-controlled proxy servers that blocks access to sites that are considered[w]

[w]. For the most part only medical doctors can get permits, making the neighbourhood doctor the place to go to send e-mail to family abroad, but the Cuban government has been trying to restrict this.

- The United States of America enacted[w] in 1996 the Communications Decency Act, which severely restricted online speech that could potentially be seen by a minor – which, it was argued, was most of online speech. Free speech advocates, however, managed to have most of the act overturned by the courts. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act criminalizes the discussion and dissemination[w] of technology that could be used to circumvent[w] copyright protection mechanisms, and makes it easier to act against alleged copyright infringement on the Internet.

Other countries with Internet censorship

- Pakistan, United Arab Emirates, Maldive, Singapore, South Korea, Syria, Brazil, Italy, United Kingdom, French etc.

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