Verbs in general - přednáška
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Note that the present subjunctive is used in these cases regardless of the actual time reference (which must be conveyed by the tense of the verb in the main clause):
I move(d) that the bill be put to a vote.
I ask(ed) that he be shown mercy.
It is (or was) necessary that we not forget our instructions. / It is (or was) necessary lest we forget our instructions.
Her insistence that he leave seems (or seemed) rude.
Some of these words have two senses: one that introduces a clause in the indicative, and one that introduces a clause in the subjunctive. For example, insist can mean assert forcefully and persistently, in which case it introduces the indicative (He insisted that he was innocent), or it can mean demand forcefully and persistently, in which case it introduces the subjunctive (He insisted that he be given the chance to prove it). This use is typically North American English.
past subjunctive: - is used after the verb to wish: I wish he were here or I wished he were there. This use of the subjunctive is sometimes known as the "volitional" subjunctive:
Oh, I wish I were in the land of cotton.
- is used after the conjunction if/though to refer to a contrary-to-fact and contrary-to-possibility situations.
If I were a millionaire, I would buy a sports car.
If he had a car with him, he could drive us there.
If I were a rich man...
She looked as though she were going to kill him, but after glaring for a bit, she just stormed off.
He tried to explain it — as if he knew anything about the subject!
formulaic subjunctive
The subjunctive is used in a number of fixed phrases, relics from an older form of the language where it was much more common. Common examples are:
if need be
if I were you; were I you
be that as it may
(God) bless you!
come what may
far be it from (or for) me
until death do us part
God save our gracious Queen, God bless America, God keep our land glorious and free, God rest ye merry gentlemen, etc.
Heaven forbid
so be it
suffice it to say
peace be with you
long live the king
the powers that be
truth be told
would that it were
rest in peace
let (may) it be known
May the best man win
The structure of a verb phrase:
- can be described in terms of auxiliaries and main verbs, the main verb normally being the sole verb in cases where the verb phrase consists of one verb only
Finite verb phrases: the first verb or the only verb is finite, the rest of the phrase consists of non-finite verbs
can occur as the verb phrases of independent sentences
finite verbs have tense contrast, there is person concord and number concord between the subject of a clause and the finite verb phrase, have mood = are marked for all morphological categories
their function is always a function of a verb(predicate) = přísudek
Non-finite verb phrases: the infinitive, present and past participles, gerund
contain only non-finite verbs, which are verbs not marked for any morphological categories with the exception of time reference (for past reference their perfective form is used: Pleasantly surprised we started to pack our things. He is said to have killed his wife. Having counted all the expenses carefully, we know we can’t afford it.
on their own they do not function as predicates but as subjects, objects, adverbials = other sentence elements…
in English they often form non-finite clauses