4. Key moments in british history
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THE STUART AGE, CIVIL WAR AND THE RESTORATION (1603 – 1702)
James VI of Scotland became James I of England in 1603. Was a firm believer of Divine Rights of King. Elizabet left him a huge debts so the new king needed to raise taxes. Parliament on the other hand wanted rights on home and foreign policy but Jamese refused. He narrowly escaped death in the celebrated Gun Powder Plot in 1605.
Gun Powder Plot. Catholic conspirators including Guy Fawkes attempted to blow up the House of Parliament during the opening ceremony. One of them betraied and the plot was discovered and conspirators executed. Bonfire night is commemorates on 5th November.
Charles I became king in 1625 and the political issue between Parliament and monarchy culminated into the Civil War in 1642.
The Civil War. Only 10% of the population was directly involved but the consequences made themselves felt in all walks of life. The conflict was between Cavaliers (supporters of monarchy) and Roundheads (parliamentary forces). Charles did not have access to money and in 1645 his army was not paid which led to massive desertion and defeat at the Battle of Naseby. Charles was tried, executed and replaced by Oliver Cromwell.
Cromwell´s commonwealth was not successful. The government was too severe and there had to be strict observance of Puritan believes: no celebration of Christmas, no games on Sunday. Cromwell died in 1658 and his son Richard was quickly seen to be absolutely incompetent to rule.
Charles II was invited to return in 1660. Charles made peace with the enemies and executed just those who were responsible for death of his father.
this time was also the time of genesis of the first political parties: the Whigs (labour party) and the Tories (conservative party).
the publication of the Authorised version of Bible in 1611 led to a large number of new religion sects, such as Buptists or Quakers.
Also the first newspapers appeared with more and more people who were able to read and write.
the Pilgrim Fathers, a group of Puritans sailed in America in 1620 in order to achieve religious freedom and laid foundations for future British domination of North America. They met a tribe of American native people called Squanto who taught them to eat turkey – Thanksgiving day.
Thanksgiving Day is purely American holiday celebrated on fourth Thursday of November as a celebration of the fist harvest. On the Friday is Black Friday. On the Thursday usually all family comes together in grandfathers house and have a turkey with chestnut filling.