Gynaecology - Diseases and dysfunctions of the female reproductive system
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DISEASES AND DYSFUNCTIONS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
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Key words: gynaecology, obstetrics, gynaecologist, obstetrician, midwife, intercourse, conception, breast-self examination, foetus, gestation, pregnancy, parturition, labour, childbirth, uterus, vagina, menstruation, menopause, climacterium.
Gynaecology is a medical branch devoted to the administration of health care to women, especially the diagnosis and treatment of disorders affecting the female reproductive organs.
Obstetrics is a medical branch dealing with pregnancy and childbirth. Frequently,
a physician is specialized in both obstetrics and gynaecology.
The reproductive organs of the male and female are divided into two parts: the external and internal genitals, and the gonads. The gonads are represented in the male by the testes and in the female by the ovaries.
It is during puberty that the gonads begin to grow and become active, under the influence of the gonadotropic hormones, which are produced in the pituitary gland.
The external female genitals are the clitoris and the labia, which together are known as the vulva.
The vagina is the channel, which leads to the uterus. The vagina plays an important role during intercourse and childbirth. The hymen, also known as the maidenhead, is named after the Greek god of marriage, Hymen. The hymen has no known physiological function, but has achieved a great importance in nearly all cultures as an insignia of virginity. In an adult woman the uterus is a hollow organ approximately the size and shape of small pear, and lies inside the girdle of pelvic bones. The two Fallopian tubes carry monthly the egg released from one of the pair of ovaries. The ovaries are the parts of the female reproductive system, which are designed to make and release mature ova, or eggs. When the ovum is fertilized by a sperm from a man it marks the start of a new human life. The Fallopian tubes leads to the womb.
One diagnostic procedure that should be routinely performed by a woman is breast self-examination (BSE). The importance of a BSE is not to prevent diseases of the breast but to detect any problems before they become serious. A BSE should be performed monthly, one week after the cessation of menstruation so that the breasts will not be swollen or especially tender.
Another important diagnostic procedure is a smear. It permits microscopic examination of cells covering the tip of cervix. Women should have these smears on a regular basis for the early detection of cervical cancer.
Infertility, or the inability to conceive, is a clinical problem that can involve either male or female reproductive system, or both. Generally, when a male is infertile, it is because of inadequate sperm counts. Female infertility is frequently caused by an obstruction of the uterine tubes or by abnormal ovulation. Sterility is also the inability to conceive but generally refers to surgical alterations of the reproductive tract. Tubal ligation is a common birth-control technique that produces female sterility. Likewise, surgical removal of the uterus in a procedure called a hysterectomy produces female sterility.