History of GB II.
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History of GB II.
Henry VIII.
- 6 wives
1st Catherine of Aragon
- was from Spain –> political marriage
- so England could get rid of an enemy
- could not give him a son => so he wanted divorce
- wasn’t possible because of his church
- so he ESTABLISHED CHURCH OF ENGLAND of which he was the head so he could divorce
- confiscated the Catholic Church –> became rich
Elisabeth I.
- had enough money from the confiscation –> people were happy because they didn’t have to pay so many taxes
- she fought Spain and France –> destroyed their ships
- England became sea superpower
- she died in 1603 without an heir
James I. (England)/ James VI. (Scotland)
- son of Elisabeth’s cousin Mary Stuart (executed)
- a couple of problems based on the differences between
England
protestants (Henry)
capitalism
parliament
Charles I.
- civil war 1640 – 1649
PARLIAMENT
-
stronger in South
-
bourgeoisie and merchants
-
Oliver Cromwell (puritan)
-
Roundheads
-
reorganised the army
-
rank were given, because of experience
and not birth = more effective because motivation
-1644 => Battle at Marson Moore
- turning point O. C. won
- 1649 => Charles I. executed
The Commonwealth
- O. C. abolished the parliament
- he named himself Lord Protector = military dictator
- people didn’t like it:
-
it was not a republic
-
O. C. was puritan
- 1660 Commonwealth collapsed
1660 – 1688 Restoration Monarchy
- invited the king back
Charles II.
- his powers were limited (so he couldn’t have absolute power)
James II.
- wanted to rule without the parliament etc.
- but because of his brother’s signature the parliament said NO and James was forced to escape
-
because they didn’t have to kill anybody, the problem was solved by the power of parliament
William of Orange
- his wife was the eldest daughter of James II.
- protestant
- Bill of Rights (had to sign)
limited the powers of the king (the same now)
created ‘CABINET GOVERNMENT’ = group of advisors (voted with the king)
- 2 political parties:
Tories
- landed aristocracy
- supporters of a strong king
Whighs
- merchants
- supporters of a strong parliament