Dangers of causation
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Dangers of causation
Just because two things occur together (correlation) it does not mean that one of them causes the other: correlation is not the same as causation.
Just because one thing always comes before something else, it does not mean that it causes it: preceding something is not the same as causing it.
Just because something contributes to something else happening, it might not be the one and only cause of it: fallacy of the single cause
If two things occur together, and there is causation, it is essential to ascertain what the direction of causation is and not mistake it.
Inferring the converse: If A is true, then B is true. B is true. Therefore, A is true.
A proposition is not true because many or most people believe it: “argumentum ad populum.”
1 Detect one of the above logical fallacies in each case. Explain and correct the problematic reasoning.
Sleeping with one's shoes on causes waking up with a headache. - Sleeping with shoes on doesn’t cause waking up with a headache – having shoes on precede waking up with a headache.
The faster windmills are observed to rotate, the more wind is observed to be.
The reason for the fall of Icarus was human pride.
According to research, the result of the last home game by the Washington Redskins prior to the presidential election predicted the outcome of every presidential election from 1936 to 2000 inclusive.
A hypothetical study in psychology shows a relationship between test anxiety scores and shyness scores. Therefore, it may be simply concluded that shyness directly influences test anxiety.
The majority of this country voted for this president; therefore, this president must, objectively, be a good President.
As ice cream sales increase, the rate of drowning deaths increases sharply. Therefore, ice cream consumption leads to drowning.
Everyone in my family votes Republican. I have always voted Democrat, but now that I am living at home I will vote Republican.
If someone owns Fort Knox, then he is rich. Bill Gates is rich. Therefore, Bill Gates owns Fort Knox.
Since the 1950s, both the atmospheric CO2 level and obesity levels have increased sharply.
Hence, atmospheric CO2 causes obesity.
Why should you feel guilty for seeking your own happiness when that is what everyone else is doing, too?
School shootings are caused by violence in media.
US spending on science, space and technology correlates with suicides by hanging, strangulation and suffocation in the last ten years. Therefore, research has demonstrated that an increased technological budget leads to asphyxiation.
2 Complete the following sentences with a suitable verb or conjunction.
a) Merely …………because………… Woolf’s novel deals primarily with mental states, this does not mean that it has no plot.
b) . . . . . Due to . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . the cold winter hospital admissions increased.
c) Printing money . . . . . . . . leads to/results in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . higher inflation.