Syntax handout and exercises
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Theory: changing separate clauses and sentences into coherent clauses and sentences
Type of cohesion Cohesion indicators 1 Chronological order Before, after, as soon as, during, while 2 Cause and effectAs a result of, as a consequence of, therefore, thus,
results in, leads to, and so
3 ComparisonSimilarly / likewise (e. g. “humans are smart; similarly, robots are not stupid, either”)
in a way similar to/like/in addition to, in the same way as (“robots, in addition to humans, are smart”)
(just) as (“Human can be very creative, just as robots can”)
similar to / the same as
both… and, neither .. nor
4 Contrast although, even though, but, yet, nevertheless, nonetheless, however, despite, in spite of, differs from, different 5 Listing, enumeration And, or, but 6 Reference (restrictive and non-restrictive clauses) Which, that, where, whose, whom, what, whoever, whomeverPractice
1 Practice correct listing (enumeration). Revise the following sentences for greater emphasis and more logical order. Avoid comma splice.
Comma splice: *I enjoy The Beatles, Elvis, Pink Floyd.
Correct sentence: I enjoy Elvis, The Beatles, and Pink Floyd. (Mind the revised order!)
The famous novelist toured several countries, won the Nobel prize, finished his twentieth novel.
She broke her watch, she was upset, she tried to find the pieces.
The runner broke his best time, beat his opponents, set a world record.
In the classroom it is important to please our teacher, study, wear clean cloths.
My family went to Australia, emigrated to Canada, found their luck abroad.
2 Find the cohesion between these statements, and form them into more complex sentences. Avoid run-on sentences and comma splice.
Run-on sentence: * The sun is high so put on some sunblock.
Comma splice: *The sun is high, put on some sunblock.
* Many other objections may occur such as time, other children in the team, bad trainer, children tend to be in a tantrum before the training. (Student essay)
Gyula Tankó
I visited a small town in the mountains. There were about twenty springs in the town.
I saw a cow yesterday. It was black.
They have a yellow house. Ours is light brown.
I could not believe it. My parents bought me the red skates.
Two days are not enough for a good class trip. More time is needed for the pupils to get to know each other.
The garden was full of flowers. I loved the tulips.
Most students believe that universities make their money with high tuition fees and lousy meals in the canteen. In fact, schools generate revenue by licensing research technologies.
Oshima – Hogue
The US has a democratic form of government. Great Britain has a democratic form of government.
The US operates under a two party system. Great Britain operates under a two party system.
Great Britain has both a monarch and a prime minister. The US has only a president.
The two systems of governments are not the same. They are democracies.
Robots can make mistakes. Humans can make mistakes.
J. D. Salinger is a famous novelist. He is an eccentric recluse. His most famous novel is The Catcher in the Rye.