Morfologie-semináře-zápisky

OFF the bus, train, plane, boat

OUT OF a car, taxi

Did you enjoy your visit TO the zoo?

Have you ever been TO America?

↓

We are no longer in that place

31. 10.

Reflexive pronouns = zvratná zájmena

• They can function as intensifiers – sám, sama

  • I myself wrote that check.

• They can function as objects of verbs, prepositions – si, se

  • I gave myself a treat.

FEW – always have a kind of negative meaning

A FEW – not a big amount

FEW – countable nouns

X

LITTLE – uncountable nouns

Neither – always refer to 2 objects → “none”

Either – both/one of them

• With singular – either mother/neither mother

• With plural – either of the solutions/neither of the solutions

• I will go either by bus or by train.

• I will go neither by bus nor by train

• Neither me nor my brother are/is interested. (ARE = gramaticky přijatelné, méně formalní, IS = formálnější)

28. 11.

Passive voice

How we form it:

• Verb “be” (in whatever tense we want) + past participle – main verb

Active structure → passive

They built a house. → A house was built.

• We have to change an object

• Only transitive verbs can be put in passive form

AGENT (konatel)

• Semantic term – it refers to “doer” → to who is responsible for the activity

• Advantage: We don’t have to talk about what is object/subject

When we use it?

• We don’t know the agent

• We don’t want to mention the agent

• Sometimes the agent is obvious

• If the subject is really long

• We want to emphasise the agent

  • This house was built by my father.

  • My father built this house.

    • “End focus” – we want to emphasise something, we put it at the end – it is the most important information

  • There is a cat in the garden. – Na zahradě je kočka. Nevíme, o jakou kočku se jedná.

  • The cat is in the garden. – Kočka je na zahradě. Víme, o jakou kočku se jedná – “the cat”

• I sent my mom a postcard. – active

• A postcard was sent to my mum.

• My mum was sent a postcard. Passive

12. 12.

TEST:

• Modal verbs

• Passive

• Tenses – know their names, basic usage

• Verbs – infinitive + ing

Simple tenses

• The most neutral way

Other tenses

• Contextually marked tenses

Perfect tenses

• Usually cover certain interval

• They involve 2 different time perspectives – it makes a link between 2 time perspective

• I’ve been reading – nedokončila jsem čtení

• I’ve read – dokončila jsem čtení

Future

Simple

• Neutral

• If there isn’t any specific context

Perfect

• Will have been finished by a certain time – not AT a certain time

• By Sunday, in 2 years

I am going to do x I am going to Australia

- Náš osobní plan

Present continuous – I am going to Greece – arrange – book tickets, passport…

Present simple – The train leaves … - schedule

19. 12.

Finite verb phrase, non-finite verb phrase

Non-finite forms:

1. Infinitive

2. –ing form

   1. Gerund – functions as a “noun”

   2. Present participle

• Functions as an adjective

• I’m reading – this is not a gerund!

• Verbal adverbial – přechodník – transgressive

• Past participle – non-finite!