-ing condensers
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Since all the money had been spent, we started looking for work.
All the money having been spent, we …………………..
GERUND PHRASES
(Based on Frank, M. Modern English, Part 2, Prentice Hall)
Perform the same functions as nouns.
Subject : Her watering the plants every day is not necessary.
Object: Her mother appreciates her watering the plants………
Object of preposition: Her mother insists on her watering …….
The boy was fired for not coming to work on time.
These old people are counting on being helped financially.
I seem to remember doing this exercise before.
having done
Non-finite subordinate clauses after prepositions
Before answering, think twice.
He apologized for having been rude.
You can’t get well without following the doctor’s advice.
He studied with the intention of becoming a doctor.
Forms of expressed subject in a gerund phrase
Who told you of John’s being there? Formal
John informal
Excuse my being late. Formal
me informal
If the gerund phrase is the subject of the sentence, the possessive form is obligatory.
His understanding such a difficult task is fantastic.
The reading of books
Reading books
Having shopped all day, she was glad to get home.
After she had shopped ………….
After shopping …………
After having shopped ………
Playing golf in the heat, he suffered a sunstroke.
While he was playing golf ……….
While playing golf …….
After – preposition, conjunction
While – only a conjunction