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Presupposition

Definition:

A presupposition is background belief, relating to an utterance, that

  • must be mutually known or assumed by the speaker and addressee for the utterance to be considered appropriate in context

  • generally will remain a necessary assumption whether the utterance is placed in the form of an assertion, denial, or question, and

  • can generally be associated with a specific lexical item or grammatical feature (presupposition trigger) in the utterance.

Examples:

The utterance John regrets that he stopped doing linguistics before he left Cambridge has the following presuppositions:

  • There is someone uniquely identifiable to speaker and addressee as John.

  • John stopped doing linguistics before he left Cambridge.

  • John was doing linguistics before he left Cambridge.

  • John left Cambridge.

  • John had been at Cambridge.

Actual Presupposition

Definition:

An actual presupposition is any potential presupposition that is not canceled by its context.

Open Presupposed Proposition

Definition:

An open presupposed proposition is a presupposition that contains a variable about which the utterance supplies information.

Examples:

  • She gave something to Harry.

Whole Presupposed Proposition

Definition:

A whole presupposed proposition is a presupposition that does not contain a variable to be instantiated.

Examples:

The utterance the fact that she is a woman is no disqualification presupposes the whole presupposed proposition she is a woman.

Potential Presupposition

Definition:

A potential presupposition is a presupposition that is triggered by some part of an utterance (such as a subordinate clause) taken in isolation, but that may or may not be a presupposition of the whole utterance.

Examples:

English

The utterance John says that the king of France is bald has two potential presuppositions:

  1. There is someone identified as John.

  2. There is a king of France.

Conventional Implicature

Definition:

Conventional implicature is an implicature that is:

  • part of a lexical item’s or expression’s agreed meaning, rather than derived from principles of language use, and

  • not part of the conditions for the truth of the item or expression.

Examples:

(English)

  • A speaker using the word but between coordinate clauses thinks that some contrast or concession relation is relevant between the clauses.

Implicature

Definition:

An implicature is anything that is inferred from an utterance but that is not a condition for the truth of the utterance.

Examples:

(English)

The expression Some of the boys were at the party implicates in most contexts Not all of the boys were at the party.

Actual Implicature

Definition:

An actual implicature is any potential implicature that is not canceled by its context.

Conventional Implicature

Definition:

Conventional implicature is an implicature that is:

  • part of a lexical item’s or expression’s agreed meaning, rather than derived from principles of language use, and

  • not part of the conditions for the truth of the item or expression.

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