HPRA - zápisky 1
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Presupposition
Definition:
A presupposition is background belief, relating to an utterance, that
must be mutually known or assumed by the speaker and addressee for the utterance to be considered appropriate in context
generally will remain a necessary assumption whether the utterance is placed in the form of an assertion, denial, or question, and
can generally be associated with a specific lexical item or grammatical feature (presupposition trigger) in the utterance.
Examples:
The utterance John regrets that he stopped doing linguistics before he left Cambridge has the following presuppositions:
There is someone uniquely identifiable to speaker and addressee as John.
John stopped doing linguistics before he left Cambridge.
John was doing linguistics before he left Cambridge.
John left Cambridge.
John had been at Cambridge.
Actual Presupposition
Definition:
An actual presupposition is any potential presupposition that is not canceled by its context.
Open Presupposed Proposition
Definition:
An open presupposed proposition is a presupposition that contains a variable about which the utterance supplies information.
Examples:
She gave something to Harry.
Whole Presupposed Proposition
Definition:
A whole presupposed proposition is a presupposition that does not contain a variable to be instantiated.
Examples:
The utterance the fact that she is a woman is no disqualification presupposes the whole presupposed proposition she is a woman.
Potential Presupposition
Definition:
A potential presupposition is a presupposition that is triggered by some part of an utterance (such as a subordinate clause) taken in isolation, but that may or may not be a presupposition of the whole utterance.
Examples:
English
The utterance John says that the king of France is bald has two potential presuppositions:
There is someone identified as John.
There is a king of France.
Conventional Implicature
Definition:
Conventional implicature is an implicature that is:
part of a lexical item’s or expression’s agreed meaning, rather than derived from principles of language use, and
not part of the conditions for the truth of the item or expression.
Examples:
(English)
A speaker using the word but between coordinate clauses thinks that some contrast or concession relation is relevant between the clauses.
Implicature
Definition:
An implicature is anything that is inferred from an utterance but that is not a condition for the truth of the utterance.
Examples:
(English)
The expression Some of the boys were at the party implicates in most contexts Not all of the boys were at the party.
Actual Implicature
Definition:
An actual implicature is any potential implicature that is not canceled by its context.
Conventional Implicature
Definition:
Conventional implicature is an implicature that is:
part of a lexical item’s or expression’s agreed meaning, rather than derived from principles of language use, and
not part of the conditions for the truth of the item or expression.