HPRA - zápisky 1

Examples:

(English)

• The use of this to indicate the speaker’s empathy

• The use of that to indicate the speaker’s emotional distance

Person Deixis

Definition:

Person deixis is deictic reference to the participant role of a referent, such as

• the speaker

• the addressee, and

• referents which are neither speaker nor addressee.

Discussion:

Person deixis is commonly expressed by the following kinds of constituents:

• Pronouns

• Possessive affixes of nouns

• Agreement affixes of verbs

Second Person Deixis

Definition:

Second person deixis is deictic reference to a person or persons identified as addressee.

Examples:

• you

• yourself

• yourselves

• your

• yours

First Person Deixis

Definition:

First person deixis is deictic reference that refers to

• the speaker, or

• both the speaker and referents grouped with the speaker.

Kinds:

• Exclusive First Person Deixis

• Inclusive First Person Deixis

Examples:

(English)

• The following singular pronouns:

  • I

  • me

  • myself

  • my

  • mine

• The following plural pronouns:

  • we

  • us

  • ourselves

  • our

  • ours

• Am, the first person form of the verb be

Third Person Deixis

Definition:

Third person deixis is deictic reference to a referent(s) not identified as the speaker or addressee.

Kinds:

• Obviative Person Deixis

• Proximate Person Deixis

Examples:

• he

• she

• they

• the third person singular verb suffix -s

He sometimes flies.

Place Deixis

Definition:

Place deixis is deictic reference to a location relative to the location of a participant in the speech event, typically the speaker.

Kinds:

• Boundedness

Examples:

(English)

• this (way)

• that (direction)

• here

• there

Social Deixis

Definition:

Social deixis is reference to the social characteristics of, or distinctions between, the participants or referents in a speech event.

Kinds:

• Absolute Social Deixis

• Relational Social Deixis

Examples:

The distinction, found in many Indo-European languages, between familiar and polite second person pronouns is an expression of social deixis.

Searle's Classification of Speech Acts

Assertives :

They commit the speaker to something being the case. The different kinds are: suggesting, putting forward, swearing, boasting, concluding. Example: ``No one makes a better cake than me''.

Directives :

They try to make the addressee perform an action. The different kinds are: asking, ordering, requesting, inviting, advising, begging. Example: ``Could you close the window?''.

Commisives :

They commit the speaker to doing something in the future. The different kinds are: promising, planning, vowing, betting, opposing. Example: ``I'm going to Paris tomorrow''.

Expressives :

They express how the speaker feels about the situation. The different kinds are: thanking, apologising, welcoming, deploring. Example: ``I am sorry that I lied to you''.

Declarations :

They change the state of the world in an immediate way. Examples: ``You are fired, I swear, I beg you''.

accentuation - zdůraznění

attenuation - zmírnění

Positive and negative face

Negative face

Negative face describes the basic personal rights of an individual, including his/ her personal freedom as well as freedom of action. One's negative face is a neglection of all factors which represent a threat towards individual rights. One popular example is the freedom of speech, which includes one's need not to be interrupted by others while speaking.