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Ways of raising a capital:
a) selling shares (prodej akcií)
b) issuing debentures/bonds (vydávání dluhopisů)
Shares may be sold in 3 ways:
a) at a premium – za vyšší hodnotu – for a higher than nominal price
b) at the nominal value – za nominální hodnotu
c) at a discount – se ztrátou
Setting up a company:
The first step is drafting Memorandum of Association (společenská smlouva), it must contain the name of the company,
its objects, whether it is limited by shares or guarantee + liability, the amount of share capital and its registered office. The
second step is registration (incorporation) with the Register of Companies (rejstříkový soud). If all the legal requirements
are met, a Certificate of Incorporation is issued (potvrzení o zápisu do obchodního rejstříku). The second document is
called Articles of Association (interní směrnice).
Termination/dissolution of a company (zrušení/rozpuštění):
a) cancelling the registration – the subject of the company is illegal
b) removing company from the register – the company ceases to exist
c) winding-up = liquidation (likvidace) – the company is unable to pay its debts. If it happens to natural person it is called
bankruptcy, if it happens to legal entity, it is called insolvency.
Liquidation may be voluntary or involuntary (ordered by a court at the request of creditors)
Debentures – instruments used to borrow money at a fixed rate of interest.
Divident (podíl na zisku) – owners of share might be paid a divident, but the decision depends on the board of directors
(zastupitelstvo).
Insider trading (obchodování zasvěcených osob) – making use of private information to buy or sell shares or selling this
kind of information to stockbrokers.
Assets and liabilities – all money that company owns and owes