11 An outline of British literature
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JOHN RONALD REUEL TOLKIEN 1892-1973
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An English writer, poet, philologist, and university professor, best known as the author of the classic epic fantasy works The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings
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He is popularly identified as the "father" of modern fantasy literature - of high fantasy (epic fantasy).
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He has a strong dislike for the side effects of industrialization – also shown in his works
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The Hobbit – a fantasy novel and children's book; follows the quest of home-loving hobbit Bilbo Baggings to win a share of the treasure guarded by the dragon, Smaug. Bilbo's journey takes him from light-hearted, rural surroundings into darker, deeper territory.
Most chapters introduce a specific creature of Tolkien's Wilderland (dwarves, elves). The story reaches its climax in the Battle of Five Armies, where many of the characters and creatures from earlier chapters re-emerge to engage in conflict.
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The Lord of the Rings – an epic fantasy novel; the story began as a sequel to Tolkien's earlier, less complex children's fantasy novel The Hobbit, but eventually developed into a much larger work.
It is published as a trilogy with the titles The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers, and The Return of the King.
The title of the novel refers to the story's main antagonist, the Dark Lord Sauron, who had in an earlier age created the One Ring to rule the other Rings of Power as the ultimate weapon in his campaign to conquer and rule all of Middle-earth.
GEORGE ORWELL 1903-1950
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An English author and journalist
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His work is marked by awareness of social injustice, and intense, revolutionary opposition to totalitarianism
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Considered the twentieth century's best chronicler of English culture
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He is best known for the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four and the satirical novella Animal Farm
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Animal Farm – dystopian allegorical novella; reflects events leading up to and during the Stalin era before World War II
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The animals of the farm (headed by two young pigs – Snowball and Napoleon) drive the drunken and irresponsible Mr. Jones from the farm. The Seven Commandments of Animalism are written on the wall of a barn. The most important is the seventh, "All animals are equal." All the animals work, but the workhorse, Boxer, does more than others. The farm runs smoothly. However, the pigs make themselves leaders (Napoleon being the leader), make life harder for the animals and reserve privileges for themselves. Napoleon abuses his powers.
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The 7 commandments are:
Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy.
Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend.
No animal shall wear clothes.
No animal shall sleep in a bed.
No animal shall drink alcohol.
No animal shall kill any other animal.
All animals are equal.
Years pass, and the pigs learn to walk upright, carry whips, and wear clothes. The commandments are replaced with "All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others", and "Four legs good, two legs better!" as the pigs become more human.