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20. Beat generation

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20. Beat Generation

profile: Allen Ginsberg: The Howl

state: Jack Kerouac: On the Road

  • Beat movement, also called Beat Generation (American social and literary movement from 1950s centred in the bohemian artist communities of San Francisco, Los Angeles and Ney York City)

  • they are calling themselves “beat” (originally meaning “weary - unavený,” but later also connoting a musical sense, a “beatific” spirituality, and other meanings)

  • called “beatniks,” expressed their alienation from conventional, or “square,” society by adopting an almost uniform style of seedy dress, manners, and “hip” vocabulary borrowed from jazz musicians

  • they were also called beat because they were beaten by society (didn’t feel they fit in, were pushed to the edge of society)

  • it’s shortest lived generation but despite this massively influential

  • those writers were usually expelled from the universities because of their poems and literature works.

  • we refer to them as to one of the first youth cultures

  • generally apolitical and indifferent to social problems

  • they wanted release, purification, and illumination (osvícení) through the drugs, jazz, sex, or the disciplines of Zen Buddhism

  • they were massively influenced by Jazz and blues

  • they fought for more liberal society, freedom of speech, sexual freedom and no censorship

  • they want to bring poetry from academic particularity back to streets

  • they read their poetry, sometimes to the accompaniment (doprovod) of progressive jazz (in such Beat strongholds as the Coexistence Bagel Shop and Lawrence Ferlinghetti’s City Lights bookstore in San Francisco)

  • the main representatives were Allan Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac, Neal Cassady, Ken Kesey and Lawrence Ferlinghetti

  • the verse was frequently chaotic and liberally sprinkled with obscenities (nemravnosti) but was sometimes, as in the case of Allen Ginsberg’s Howl (1956), ruggedly powerful

  • Ginsberg and other major figures of the movement, such as the novelist Jack Kerouac, advocated a kind of free, unstructured composition in which the writer put down his thoughts and feelings without plan or revision

  • When the movement had begun to fade, it had produced a numbers of interesting and promising writers (Ferlinghetti, Gregory Corso, Philip Whalen and Gary Snyder)

  • this movement paved (vydlážděný) the way for acceptance of other unorthodox and previously ignored writers (such as Black Mountain, William S. Burroughs)

Allan Ginsberg – Howl

  • his poetry is generally rhythmic articulation of feeling (feeling is an impulse that begins inside, like a sexual impulse)

  • it is a feeling that begins in the pit of a stomach and raises up through the breast and out of mouth and ears

  • he is trying to put words to that by looking around and trying to describe what’s making him sight (articulate what he feels)

  • for Ginsberg “there is no such a thing as the beat generation”

  • Howl because of haul of howl of pain (complaining about society)

  • the poem is donated to Carl Solomon, Gisnberg’s friend from the mental hospital

  • Howl is divided into 4 parts (for each part is characteristic one word)

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