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7. Commonwealth countries

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Geography/Climate/Nature/Language and more about New Zealand

  • New Zealand, divided into the North and South Islands, has a largely temperate climate and is famed for its natural unspoilt beauty

  • Sheep farming is one of its biggest industries

  • It has a population of about 4.4 million and Maoris are the second largest ethnic group after people of European descent

  • The capital city is Wellington and is the second biggest city after Auckland

  • Like Australia it is an independent country of the Commonwealth and Queen Elizabeth is the head of state

  • The national symbol is the Kiwi and New Zealanders are often known as Kiwis

  • Australia has 6 states; New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, Queensland and Western Australia and two territories the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory

  • Its climate is incredibly varied ranging from desert, to mountains, to rainforest.

  • It possesses incredible natural beauties such as the Great Barrier Reef and Uluru (Ayers Rock). The flora and fauna of Australia is unique

  • Larger Marsupials such as Kangaroos, Wallabies, Wombats, and Koala, which carry their young in pouches, can only be found in Australia.

  • In Australian English the forest is known as the bush, and the semi arid land or desert is known as the outback

  • Australian English is closer to British English than American English and largely retains British spellings apart from in some names

  • Aboriginal languages have had some influence on the names of Flora and Fauna (Kangaroo), instruments of Aboriginal origin (boomerang), as well as place names such as Canberra which originally meant meeting place

  • Another distinctive feature of Aussie English is the use of diminutives or short forms of words which are more common than in British or American English

Canada

AREA, POPULATION + BASIC INFORMATION

  • System of Government (elections, they have PM): Federal Parliamentary Democracy with Sovereign Monarchy (Queen, they have general governor)

  • A union of 10 provinces and 3 territories

  • Capital: Ottawa

  • Area: almost 10 million km² - second biggest after Russia

  • Population: 37 million

  • Languages: English (official), French (official, Quebec, Ontario), Native languages

    • Everything has to be in English and French, but in Quebec only in French

  • Religions: Roman Catholic - 42.6% (it was French for a long time), Protestant - 23.3%, other Christian - 4.4%, Muslim - 1.9% (increasing number because of immigrants’ acceptance), other - 11.8%, atheist - 16%.

  • Ethnics: Brit. Isles origin 28%, French 23%, other European 15%,(Caucasian 66% - Eurasians), mixed background 26% (Métis – between 1st nation and European), Asian, African and Arabian 6%, Aboriginal 4,3% (native people in Quebec, zero tax for selling tobacco)

HISTORY - chronology of key events:

  • 1497 - Italian-born navigator John Cabot reaches the coasts of Newfoundland and Cape Breton.

  • 1534 - Jacques Cartier explores the St. Lawrence river, claims the shores of the Gulf of St. Lawrence for France.

  • 1756 - Seven Years' War begins, between New France and the larger and economically stronger British colonies. After early French successes, the settlement of Quebec falls in 1759 and the British advance on Montreal.

  • 1763 - Under the Treaty of Paris, Britain acquires all French colonies east of the Mississippi including New France, which becomes the colony of Quebec.

  • 1774 - The Quebec Act recognises the French language and the Roman Catholic religion in the colony.

  • 1812-14 - War of 1812 between the US and Britain, largely over the effects on the US of British blockades of French ports. Action includes naval battles in the Great Lakes and a US attack on York (present-day Toronto). But the US fails to realise its plans to invade Canada. (settled, not fought over)

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