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Children and their common medical issues

DOC
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B. Moderate

About 10 % of people with mental retardation are moderately retarded. By adolescence, they usually have good self-care skills - such as eating, dressing, and going to the bathroom. They can perform simple tasks. As adults, most can work at unskilled or semiskilled jobs with supervision.

C. Severe

Severe retardation affects 3 to 4 % of mentally retarded individuals. Severely retarded individuals may learn to talk during childhood and develop basic self-care skills. In adulthood they can perform simple tasks with close supervision. They often live in the social care establishments or with their families.

D. Profound

About 1 to 2 % of retarded people have profound mental retardation and require constant care. Profoundly retarded individuals can understand some language, but they have little ability to talk.

They often have a neurological condition that accounts for their retardation.

Causes of mental retardation

Causes include genetic conditions, disorders that occur as a foetus develops during pregnancy,

and problems during or after birth. Some cases of mental retardation have multiple causes.

External causes

A variety of problems during a woman’s pregnancy can cause mental retardation in the childhood. These problems include malnutrition, a mother’s use of alcohol or drugs, environmental toxins, such as lead and mercury, viral infections, including rubella. Foetal alcohol syndrome results from excessive consumption of alcohol during pregnancy. Malnutrition during pregnancy is a common cause of mental retardation in developing countries, where many women do not consume adequate amounts of protein and other necessary nutrients.

Some cases of mental retardation result from problems during birth, including premature birth, very low birth weight, and stresses to the foetus such as deprivation of oxygen.

Infectious diseases during childhood, which are easily preventable through immunization, also can cause mental retardation, when they result in complication. For example, measles, chicken pox, and whooping cough may lead to encephalitis and meningitis, which can damage the brain.

Physical trauma to the brain can also cause mental retardation. Brain damage may result from accidental blows to the head, near drowning, severe child abuse, and childhood exposure to such toxins as lead and mercury.

CONGENITAL SPINAL DEFORMITIES

Congenital spinal deformities result from uneven growth of congenitally malformed

vertebrae. Deformity in the sagittal plane (excessive kyphosis or lordosis) and in frontal plane

(scoliosis) often is not apparent at birth.

Individuals with congenital anomalies of the spine frequently have other abnormalities as well.

Additional ribs, missing ribs and fused ribs are common. Cardiac anomalies are associated with

congenital spinal anomalies up to 15 percent of patients. Curves that are small and non-progressive

do not require treatment. Treatment is usually necessary for progressive deformities.

Surgery should not be delayed for a physically immature patient who has a curve of 400 or more

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