Didaktika cizích jazyků - přednášky

Connected speech – unstressed syllables tend to have weak vowel sounds, sounds get dropped - elision, sounds get changed -assimilation, additional linking sounds occur

Techniques and activities

Two sides of pronunciation teaching

• Teaching receptive skills x productive skills

• Ss need to learn to hear the difference between phonemes → and then carry out the knowledge through into their production.

• Drills - useful in development of both skills

• Noticing tasks with listening texts – receptive skills

Drilling

Simple drilling

• Teacher saying a word or a structure – the class repeats

• Helps the Ss achieve better pronunciation of language items/helps to remember language items/helps to remember new items

• Is best done before students see the written form of the language

• Teacher provides a model of the word, phrase, structure for the ss to copy….listen to the tape….

• Choral drilling – class repeats the item in unison followed by:

• Individual drilling – Ts invite students to repeat one-by –one.

• Chain drilling - adding extra information and repeating

• Chaining – can be used for sentences which could be difficult to pronounce

• Substitution drilling - Also involves drilling a structure, with substituting items of vocabulary

• Recitation – for practising rhythm, stress, intonation, reduced speech…Jazz chants

Pronunciation and spelling

• The sounds correspond with their written form, and basic rules can be derived and should be taught in class;

• 44 different sounds /26 letters

  • e.g. A – apple/ask

  • c - can/ cinema

  • /Ʊ/ - put/ book/could

• Relation between spelling and pronunciation in English is complex, yet it is not as irregular as it seems

• 80 per cent of English words are spelled according to regular patterns

Spelling

Regular features

Consonant digraphs

Ph - /f/ - photo/phone/

Ch -/tʃ/ chip/change

/k/ character

/ʃ/ machine

Vowel digraphs

Ea - /i:/ eat / heat/

/ei/ great/ break

/e/ dead/breakfast

Environment influence

Many vowels when sandwiched between consonant letters will have short vowel sound

cap/cut/con = /æ/ /Ʌ/ /ɒ/

Add e and the sound will be longer

Cape/ cute/cone = /ei/ /u:/ /əƱ

Attitude to pronunciation teaching

• Grammar translation and reading based approaches

• Direct approaches

• Audio-lingual approach

• Cognitive approach

• Communicative approach

How to teach listening and reading

The purpose of listening and reading:

= the primary purposes of human listening [and reading] are information gathering and pleasure, though there are other reasons, such as empathy, assessment and criticism.’

• Access to the world, pleasure, travel/tourism, work purposes, academic requirements

• At the airport we don’t listen to everything and don’t read everything – we are looking only for information about about flight – scanning (reading) and listening to specific information (listening)

• Scanning – TV programme – what is on on Friday night?

• Scanning = we need specific information

• Skimming – the general idea, the gist (jádro)