Shrnutí - morfologie

I can’t come tomorrow. = [can not] = impossibility to

• one must remember how each modal verb is negated, some modal verbs, however, can be negated in both ways

I may not see him again. – may [not see] = maybe I will not

- [may not] see = not allowed to see

• remember: mustn’t = nesmět

nemuset = not have to, needn’t

Form:

- verb be in a particular tense + past participle

- transitive verbs can be used in the passive voice

(transitive verbs = required the object)

- we do not know the "agent"

Active verbs with passive meaning:

• a few passive verbs sometimes have a passive meaning

This surface cleans easily. (Ten povrch se snadno čistí.)

These clothes wash well.

This wine is selling quickly.

The passive with get:

• less formal (used in informal English)

The egg got broken

You’ll get sacked if you take any more time off.

By X with:

During the World cup the streets were filled/packed/crowded, crammed with people.

He was killed by falling stone.

He was killed with a knife.

It is said + that clause: (agree, arrange, decide….)

It is said that he killed/had killed his wife.

It is said that there is going to be a storm tomorrow.

There is said to be … (acknowledge, believe, consider, fear, feel, know, report, say, suppose, think, understand…)

There is said to be a storm tomorrow.

Subject of the subordinate clause + is/are said:

Jane is said to know all the answers. (Říká se, že Jana zná všechny odpovědi.)

It is said that Jane knew all the answers.

He is said to have killed his wife. (Tvrdí se, že zabil svojí ženu.)

The causative = have something done

I had a house built. X I had built a house.

+ get in the same sense expresses difficulty

I must get this car serviced soon.

I finally got the roof repaired.

Verb categories

1) Intensive verbs (copular/linking)

example: He is nice.

He (S) is (V) nice (C). - SVC

He is in London.

He (S) is (V) in London (A). - SVA

2) Extensive (transitive/intransitive)

a) intransitive

example: The sun is shining.

The sun (S) is shining (V). - SV

She arrived.

She (S) arrived (V). - SV

b) transitive - are followed by an object

- they can be further classified

I) monotransitive - they need one subject

example: That lecture bored me.

That lecture (S) bored (V) me (O). - SVO

II) ditransitive - they need two objects (direct/indirect)

example: I must send my parents a card.

I (S) must send (V) my parents (O) a card (O). - SVOO

III) complex transitive - they need one object and one (adverbial or complement)

example: She called me a fool.

She (S) called (V) me (O) a fool (C). - SVOC

She put it on the table.

She (S) put (V) it (O) on the table (A). - SVOA

Adverbial can be obligatory or optional!

Mood and kinds of mood

In grammar, the quality of a verb that conveys the writer's attitude toward a subject.

There are three major moods in English:

(1) the indicative mood is used to make factual statements or pose questions

(2) the imperative mood to express a request or command

(3) the (rarely used) subjunctive mood to show a wish, doubt, or anything else contrary to fact.