Syntax- přednášky

• The doer of the infinitive action is the O of the main V (Common to both predications.)

I authorized my bank to pay her 3,000 pounds.

S V Od C - NF cl.

V InO DO (Verb, Indirect object, Direct object)

• I authorized my bank and my bank paid her – “bank” is doer of the infinitive action

1. The doer (S) of the infinitive action is not the Object of the main V

• The doer (S) of the infinitive action is the O of the main V (Common to both predications.)

• Can be analysed in two ways:

I saw him come. – (“him come” = object expressed by clause)

S - V - Od - NF cl.

S V

I saw him come.

S - V - Od - C - NF cl. -(“come” is complement expressed by clause)

(S )V (‘him’ is common to both predication)

I saw him coming.

• Another verbs: See, hear, watch

Adjectival complementation

I’m sorry to have caused a delay. (that I have caused a delay.)

John is eager to please. – adjectival complementation - John je horlivý zavděčit se.

x

John is easy to please. – Johnovi je snadné se zavděčit. - NOT ADJ. COMPLEMENTATION!

• To please John is easy.

• It is easy to please John. – introductory IT (John = object) → it change into SUBJECT – John is easy to please.

Jane was difficult to train. → It was difficult to train Jane. To train Jane was difficult. – NOT ADJ. COMPL. !

He is not eager FOR me to become his successor.

TO infinitive phrases and relative/adverbial clauses

He phoned me so as/ in order to confirm the date.

• Function of “to confirm the date” – adverbial of purpose

S V O A

• Adverbial expressed by means of N-F clause – “to confirm the date”

V O

He opened the door for her to go out. -

• Function of “to go out” – infinitive of purpose (subjects are not the same) – when subjects are not the same, we have to use special structure – FOR + OBJECT + INFINITIVE

I shudder (klepat se) to think about it.

• Finite clause would be: I shudder when I think about it.

He was the first guest to arrive.

• Function of infinitive – Post-modification

I have two important phone calls to make.

• Function – post-modification

The best time to see him is in the morning.

• Function – post-modification (Question: Which time?)

I have no idea how to achieve it.

• Function – post-modification (Q: What idea)

18. 2. 2019

- ing structures:

• Offering → being

• Having offered (perfect form) → having been

PODTRŽENÉ ČÁSTI ZŮSTÁVAJÍ STEJNÉ

• He is so ill, he can’t go back to school → present tense + present tense = being

  • Being so ill, he can’t go back to school

• He was so ill, he couldn’t … → past tense + past tense = being

  • Being so ill, he couldn’t …

• He has been ill for a long time, so he needs time to recover. Present perfect + present = tenses aren’t the same

  • Having been ill for a very long time, he needs more time to recover

• He had been ill for a long time, so he needed… → past perfect + past tense – different tenses

  • Having been ill, he needed

PARTICIPLE CONSTRUCTIONS

Co-ordinate clauses