Syntax- přednášky
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Who told you of John being there? Informal- (subject = John) – accusative/objective/common form
Excuse my being late. Formal – possessive form
me informal – objective/accusative form
If the gerund phrase is the subject of the sentence, the possessive form is obligatory.
His understanding such a difficult task is fantastic.
I objected to HIS receiving an invitation. – The most important word is “receiving”, it is pre-modified by “his”
It has nominal character
I objected to HIM receiving an invitation. – The most important word is “him”, “receiving” is post-modification
It has verbal character
In some cases you can use only one option – depending on which of these two forms were institutionalized - nějaká instituce to schválila – u nás například Ústav pro jazyk český
Genitive forms preferred:
Mind, appreciate, avoid, consider, enjoy…
Do you mind MY smoking?
Accusative forms preferred:
This, these, that, those, some, any
No ‘s form!
I won’t accept this being made public.
Girls, girl’s, girls’ – homophones – the plural, possessive singular, possessive plural (not just word “girls”)
After some verbs: start, stop, catch
What can we do to start him working? - Co můžeme udělat pro to, aby začal pracovat?
Both forms:
Excuse… (excuse my/me)
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The reading of books
Reading books
Having shopped all day, she was glad to get home.
After she had shopped ………….
After shopping …………
After having shopped ………
Playing golf in the heat, he suffered a sunstroke.
While he was playing golf ……….
While playing golf …….
After – preposition, conjunction
While – only a conjunction
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Finite, nonfinite, and verbless clauses
We recognize three main structural classes of clauses:
FINITE CLAUSE: a clause whose verb element is finite (such as takes, took, can work, has worked, is writing, was written; eg:
I can’t go out with you because I am studying this evening.
NONFINITE CLAUSE: a clause whose verb element is nonfinite (such as to work, having worked, taken; eg:
Knowing my temper, I didn’t reply.
VERBLESS CLAUSE: a clause that does not have a verb element, eg:
Although always helpful, he was not much liked.
Nonfinite clauses
The classes of nonfinite verb phrase serve to distinguish four structural subclasses of nonfinite verb clauses:
TO INFINITIVE:
Without subject: The best thing would be to tell everybody.
With subject: The best thing would be for you to tell everybody.
BARE INFINITIVE (infinitive without “to”):
Without subject: All I did was hit him on the head.
With subject: Rather than you do the job, I’d prefer to finish it myself.
-ING PARTICIPLE:
Without subject: Leaving the room, he tripped over the mat.
With subject: Her aunt having left the room, I asked Ann for some personal help.
-ED PARTICIPLE:
Without subject: Covered with confusion, they apologized abjectly.