Syntax- přednášky
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Club
The club “Monomanor”
an annual fee
The money new equipment (uncountable noun = zero article)
Monomanor an annual competition
The competition ….
Wh- question → Falling intonation in:
Affirmative or declarative sentences
Yes/no question → Rising intonation
COMMUNICATIVE DYNAMISM
THEME – FOCUS
When shall we know what Mary is going to do?
She will decide next week. → new piece of information
LOW MEDIUM HIGH
amount of communicative dynamism
Linear presentation: LOW - HIGH → in ideal sentence we should start with something what is known → move to unknown thing
The principle of END FOCUS = element at the end of the sentence – new piece of information – last part of sentence
The first part of the sentence – THEME
UNMARKED – low amount of communicative dynamism – bezpříznakový – deal (THEME – carries low amount of CD, FOCUS carries high amount of CD)
MARKED – high amount of communicative dynamism – příznakový (THEME – carries high amount of CD, FOCUS carries low amount of CD)
Marked: Bill gave it to me.
THEME – always given piece of information known from previous context
FOCUS – new information
The relation between FOCUS and NEW INFORMATION
What’s on today? → WE ARE GOING TO THE RACES. – whole sentence is new information – not only last part of it
What are we doing today? → We’re GOING TO THE RACES. – new information
Where are we going today? → We´re going TO THE RACES. – new information
I AM PAINTING MY LIVING ROOM BLUE. – any word in sentence can carry new piece of information
MARKED UNMARKED
Other words carry new piece of information - if “blue” is new piece of information - Which colour are you painting your room?
WORD ORDER:
AJ – the first sentence element is S
CZ – WO follows the rule of FSP – we form sentences with something what is known and move to something new
Cleft sentences
The pattern with IT
IT + BE + phrase + subordinate clause
The emphasis comes after be
England won the World Cup in 1966.
Subject: It was England who won the World Cup in 1966.
Object: It was the World Cup (that) England won in 1966.
Adverbial: It was in 1966 (that) England won the World Cup.
WHO, WHICH, THAT with SUBJECT
THAT with OBJECT and ADVERBIAL
Pronoun as an OBJECT
It is THEY WHO (very formal)
It is THEM THAT (very informal)
It is THEM WHO
John wore his best suit at the dance last night.
S V Od A(place) A (time)
S: It was John who/ that wore his best suit at the dance last night.
Od: It was his best suit that John wore at the dance last night.
A (place): It was at the dance that John wore his best suit last night.
A (time): It was last night that John wore his best suit at the dance.
It cleft deviates from the unmarked division of communicative dynamism.
(high amount of communicative dynamism → low amount of communicative dynamism)
AMBIGUITY:
It is the dog that scared me.
a) Postrašil mě pes. cleft sentence
b) To je ten pes, který mě postrašil. SVC (postmodification)