Syntax- přednášky
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VĚCI Z TESTU:
Even though we still do not know how the placebo effect works, some experts argue the body responds
to the treatment like Pavlov’s dogs while others claim it is the power of positive thinking.
Oprep NEBO A A/AC of concession
Absolute participle construction:
Subjects are different but they are expressed
Postmodification of a noun phrase by means of finite clause:
We have DRC, NDRC, appositive clause
CVIČENÍ Pro-forms
5 They – “eight graffiti gang members” – anaphoric – they = personal pronoun – it substitutes for a noun phrase (8 graffiti members)
22 It – graffiti – anaphoric – it = personal pronoun – it substitutes for a noun phrase
23 It – London Underground - anaphoric
34 It – graffiti (line 19) – anaphoric -
49 It – graffiti unit – anaphoric -
58 Others – people who don’t belong to London Underground - anaphoric
65 That – graffiti is art – anaphoric – that = demonstrative pronoun – it refers to a clause (graffiti is art)
84 That – some graffiti are disgusting – anaphoric
93 He – Dean – anaphoric
4. 2019
Ellipsis
= grammatical omission
Grammatical omission – the actual word(s) must be precisely recoverable.
Initial – medial - final
Hope he’s there
Jill owns a Volvo and Fred (owns) a BMW.
We haven’t done it yet, but we will (do it).
Situational, structural, textual
Situational ellipsis – it is not necessary to mention few things (spoken language, conversation, real life)
Want a drink. Subject – left out
Got to got now. Subject + operator – left out
Happy? Subject + operator – left out
You happy? Operator alone
Pity he won’t help Subject, operator, article
Trouble is there’s nothing we can do about it. Article – left out
Structural ellipsis
I believe (that) you are mistaken.
We are staying there (for) another three weeks.
US heading for new attack. – headline – in headlines we can omit functional words (articles, prepositions…)
Textual ellipsis
The interpretation depends on what is said or written in the linguistic context
Anaphoric – at first we mention something, then we don’t repeat it again, we omit it
Cataphoric – we don’t mention something because we mention the same information later
Anaphoric reference Cataphoric reference
I’m happy if you are (HAPPY). Those who prefer (TO STAY INDOOR) can stay indoor.
General ellipsis – typically final and anaphoric
Head + postmodifier ellipted
The first expedition to the Antarctic was quickly followed by another two (expeditions to the Antarctic).
Postmodifier ellipted
Stan spent part of his winnings, and the rest (of his winnings) he saved.
Head ellipted
They claim that the Danish butter is the finest (butter) in the world.
Predicate ellipted
If I could have bought a ticket, I would have (bought a ticket).
Clause ellipted (except for an introductory word – Wh word, to, not to, etc.)
I would love to do it, but I do not know how (to do it).
You can go to the cinema if you want to (go to the cinema).