Syntax- přednášky

VĚCI Z TESTU:

Even though we still do not know how the placebo effect works, some experts argue the body responds

to the treatment like Pavlov’s dogs while others claim it is the power of positive thinking.

Oprep NEBO A A/AC of concession

Absolute participle construction:

• Subjects are different but they are expressed

Postmodification of a noun phrase by means of finite clause:

• We have DRC, NDRC, appositive clause

CVIČENÍ Pro-forms

5 They – “eight graffiti gang members” – anaphoric – they = personal pronoun – it substitutes for a noun phrase (8 graffiti members)

22 It – graffiti – anaphoric – it = personal pronoun – it substitutes for a noun phrase

23 It – London Underground - anaphoric

34 It – graffiti (line 19) – anaphoric -

49 It – graffiti unit – anaphoric -

58 Others – people who don’t belong to London Underground - anaphoric

65 That – graffiti is art – anaphoric – that = demonstrative pronoun – it refers to a clause (graffiti is art)

84 That – some graffiti are disgusting – anaphoric

93 He – Dean – anaphoric

1. 4. 2019

Ellipsis

= grammatical omission

Grammatical omission – the actual word(s) must be precisely recoverable.

Initial – medial - final

1. Hope he’s there

Jill owns a Volvo and Fred (owns) a BMW.

We haven’t done it yet, but we will (do it).

Situational, structural, textual

Situational ellipsis – it is not necessary to mention few things (spoken language, conversation, real life)

Want a drink. Subject – left out

Got to got now. Subject + operator – left out

Happy? Subject + operator – left out

You happy? Operator alone

Pity he won’t help Subject, operator, article

Trouble is there’s nothing we can do about it. Article – left out

Structural ellipsis

I believe (that) you are mistaken.

We are staying there (for) another three weeks.

US heading for new attack. – headline – in headlines we can omit functional words (articles, prepositions…)

Textual ellipsis

• The interpretation depends on what is said or written in the linguistic context

Anaphoric – at first we mention something, then we don’t repeat it again, we omit it

Cataphoric – we don’t mention something because we mention the same information later

Anaphoric reference Cataphoric reference

I’m happy if you are (HAPPY). Those who prefer (TO STAY INDOOR) can stay indoor.

General ellipsis – typically final and anaphoric

Head + postmodifier ellipted

The first expedition to the Antarctic was quickly followed by another two (expeditions to the Antarctic).

Postmodifier ellipted

Stan spent part of his winnings, and the rest (of his winnings) he saved.

Head ellipted

They claim that the Danish butter is the finest (butter) in the world.

Predicate ellipted

If I could have bought a ticket, I would have (bought a ticket).

Clause ellipted (except for an introductory word – Wh word, to, not to, etc.)

I would love to do it, but I do not know how (to do it).

You can go to the cinema if you want to (go to the cinema).