theory of learning and learner variables
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Compensation
strategies
Guessing
intelligently
Overcoming
limitations in
speaking and
writing
Oxford, 1990:17
Metacognitive strategies- CAE
Metacognitive
strategies
Centering
your learning
Arranging and
planning your
learning
Evaluating
your learning
Oxford, 1990:17
Affective strategies - LET
Affective
strategies
Lowering your
anxiety
Encouraging
yourself
Taking
emotional
temperature
Oxford, 1990:17
Social strategies -ACE
Social
strategies
Asking
questions
Cooperating
with others
Empathizing
with others
Oxford, 1990:17
Motivation
• what drives the learner to achieve a goal;
• one of the key factors determining the success in
LT/LL;
• many models ; basic division:
• intrinsic motivation (from within the individual:
love of the subject matter, enjoyment, desire to
feel better);
• extrinsic motivation (requirements, pay rise,
travel, grades, passing exams);
Motivation
• Integrative – the desire to identify with and
integrate into the target-language culture
• Instrumental-learn for purposes of study or
career promotion ( Gardner and Lambert 1972)
Recommendation
Do• Diagnose learner‘s need,
interests, learning styles
• Provide a range of different
activity types, topics
• Offer choices, involve
learners in making decisions
• Help learners make best of
their learning styles
• Teach specific strategies to
improve learning
Don‘t• Treat learners as if they were
all the same
• Use the same approach all the
time, e.g. To teaching
grammar or practising vocab
• Use course book all the time
• Expect learners to work
comfortably at the same pace
and rhythm
• Everyone learns the same way
as you do
• Resources:
• Council of Europe. Common European Framework of
Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, assessment
(2001). Cambridge: CUP.
• Harmer, J. (2002). The Practice of English Language
Teaching. Harlow: Longman.
• Harmer, J. (2008). How to teach English. Harlow: Longman.
• Oxford, R.L. ( 2001) Language learning styles and strategies.
In Celce-Murcia, M. Teaching English as a Second or Foreign