Consonants

• Approximant - A gesture in which one articulator is close to another, but without the vocal tract being narrowed to such an extent that a turbulent airstream is produced ([ɹ], j, w)

• Trill - the air flow is set into turbulence several times in quick succession, occurs in some forms of Scottish English in words such as rye and raw, and as the "rolled r" in Spanish

• Tap (flap) - tongue makes a single tap against the alveolar ridge, It is represented by [D] or sometimes [ɾ]

• Affricate - If you combine a brief stopping of the air stream with an obstructed release which causes some friction, you will be able to produce the sounds [ʧ] and [ʤ]. (child, jump, čaj, džus) (stop+ affricate)

• Liquids - [l] sound is called a lateral liquid and is formed by letting the air stream flow around the sides of the tongue as the tip of the tongue makes contact with the middle of the alveolar ridge

• Glottal stop - represented by the symbol [ʔ], occurs when the space between the vocal folds (the glottis) is closed completely (very briefly), then released.

• Glides - [w] and [j] are described as glides, are typically produced with the tongue in motion (or “gliding”) to or from the position of a vowel

Consonants are described by five factors:

1. state of the vocal folds (voiced or voiceless)

2. place of articulation;

3. central or lateral articulation

4. soft palate raised to form a velic closure (oral sounds) or lowered (nasal sounds)

5. manner of articulatory action.