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Ignorance of law is no excuse – neznalost práva se neomlouvá.
Unit 8
Definitions:
Tort (delikt) is a civil wrong for which the injured party may recover damages.
Elements of torts:
Duty exists between the plaintiff and the defendant, it has been violated and the violation is the cause of plaintiffs
damage/harm/injury/loss (proximate cause).
Types of torts:
a) intentional torts – you need to prove an intention
b) negligent torts – they are based on a failure to follow the degree of care that was owed to plaintiff
c) strict liability torts – you do not have to prove an intention or negligence
Types of intentional torts:
a) trespass – neoprávněný zásah do cizích práv – an illegal act causing injury to the person, property or rights of another
person.
Trespass to person – assault (napadení) or battery (ublížení na zdraví)
Trespass to land – going on the private property without the consent of the owner.
b) conversion – neoprávněné užívání cizí věci – taking personal property without owner's permission
c) false imprisonment – omezování osobní svobody – detaining person without his consent
d) nuisance – is anything that interferes with the right of a citizen.
Public nuisance – fireworks (affects community) – narušení veřejného pořádku
Private nuisance – smoke, noise (affects an individual) – porušení sousedských práv
e) defamation – it is a fake statement that harms the reputation of an individual (libel or slander).
Statements of opinions aren't actionable, while statements of facts are.
Types of negligent torts:
a) negligence – failure to follow a certain degree of care owed to plaintiff. A duty of care needs to exist, it needs to be
breached and there needs to be a proximate cause (příčinná souvislost).
b) malpractice – negligence committed by a professional, it is a failure to provide reasonable care (přiměřená péče).