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The plaintiff may be awarded damages and the defendant has to pay legal costs. The forms of enforcement include seizure
of goods and third party debt order/attachment of earnings order. The disobedient person may be charged with contempt
of court.
The elements of a complaint petition include: list of facts, relief or damages claimed, cause of action, jurisdiction of the court,
injury caused to plaintiff, parties and their addresses and heading.
ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION
Alternative dispute resolution include mediation and arbitration.
In mediation, the mediator hears out the parties and help them reach an agreement. The outcome is not binding and the
case may go to trial at the court. Marriage disputes are common dealt in mediation.
Arbitration is used in international trade law disputes. The arbitrator hears the arguments and issues a final and binding
decision. After that, the case is ended, there is no effective appeal.
13 – CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS
RIGHTS OF CITIZENS
There are two different approaches to distinguishing civil and human rights. According to some, civil rights form the first
generation of human rights. The second generation includes economic and social rights and rights from the third generation
are often called “green” because they concern environmental conditions. Others oppose claiming that human rights are
universal, indivisible and interrelated and apply to everybody whereas civil rights apply only to citizens of a country. Civil and
political rights form the first part of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
These rights are guaranteed by the constitution (basic legal framework/set of fundamental principles). In civil law jurisdiction
the constitution if often written and include single or more documents. On the other hand, in the countries of common law
system the constitution is formed only by court judgements, statutes, works of authority and treaties. But there are also
some exceptions (e.g. the USA has a written one).