Přednášky - britské studie

The Vikings and afterwards (865)

• King Alfred fought against the Vikings

• Invasion of the Danish Vikings (Canute)

• 1066 the Normans

• Bilingualism, the church, feudalism

• 1215 – Magna Charta – Protection for all freeman, fair and legal trial

• The culture of the cathedrals and manuscripts

• Hastings

• The parliament – the importance of the parliament – the representatives were voted by rich (that was after 1066) – consisted of most important members of the Church, representatives of aristocracy, representatives of towns

• The parliament helped with the tax (which goes to the King), King wasn’t able to change the tax law, without the agreement of the parliament

• 1215 – English aristocracy was able to ???
  - Fundamental law for England
  - 2 interesting prohibitions – law must protect all freemen (except serfs), it must ensure free and legal trial
  - Supremacy of law (for the freemen)

• ▲ like system, chivalry system
  
  

• The upper class was educated from very young age (boys) to become warriors
  - around the age of 12, they were sent to serve the sovereign
  - learned to fight (aristocrats – on the horseback, lower class – on the ground)
  - learned how to behave
  - they’ve had the obligation to fight for the sovereign

• Crusades – controlled the holy places (France, Britain, Germany, … )
  - They’ve had the chance to visit Nazareth, Jerusalem, Bethlehem,…
  - Those cities were in the hands of Muslims and they were supposed to brought them back into Christian’s hands

• Middle east – They won the holy places and then lost them again
  - Where Jesus is buried is still a best kept secret

• Oriental culture – carpets, jewelry, vegetables, fruits, customs, bathing, literature, …

• Meanwhile European aristocracy had lost many of its’ members

• 100 years war – Duke of Normandy x William the Conquer (1337 – 1453)
  - They fought for about 100 years to solve this conflict – lost of many peoples’ lives
  - The economical situation gone very bad, people had ruined everything and didn’t farm or took care of the nature

• War of Roses – Conflict of two aristocratic families

- Lancaster x York
- Roses – their emblems

- they decimated each other
- Richard III. – Last Lancaster’s king (last king who died on the battlefield)
- Henry VI. – New dynasty of Tudors

TUDORS

• The most important Tudors: Henry VII., Henry VIII., Elisabeth I.

• 1485 - 1603

Henry VII.

• Economical, smart

• After 100 years war and the War of Roses, the country was destroyed, we must keep peace and work on our economy

• He encouraged development – tax – money to the treasure

• “Our power should be at fleet”

• He didn’t have a son – Ask the pope for permission to divorce – did not work out
  - He got angry, he separated the Church of England from Rome – this is how the Anglican church begun > Religious revolution

• = Pope doesn’t have authority over England

• King became the new pope

• Monks weren’t allowed, unless they were helpful

• The churches in England were poor – as the Jesus was

• He had a son eventually, but he died at the age of 14 of tuberculosis

• His daughter was Elisabeth I.