Přednášky - britské studie

Elisabeth I.

• One of the greatest monarch

• Excommunicated

• Well organized beliefs, she was very smart

• 1587 – Spain encouraged by the Pope attacked England

• Both Spain and England were colonizing America

• Spain wanted to take over the colonizing power

• Elisabeth couldn’t be the head of the army, because she was a woman, it all got complicated

• Encouraging speech – first political speech given by woman

• They defeated Spain

• She was very tolerant, as far as religion goes – as far as you were a good citizen and pay your taxes

• The center of world trade moves to Atlantic ocean

• 1603 – Tudors are over – dynasty of Stuarts came in

Renaissance

• Rebirth of interest in ancient

• What is beauty, what is art,…

• The focus is on the men – the soul and the body

W. Shakespeare

• 1564 – 1616

• Playwright

Christopher Marlowe

- Playwright

Robert Greene

Ben Johnson

T. Mores

- Philosopher
- Utopia (book)
- Idea of society – no poverty, people work on pleasure

Francis Bacon
- Philosopher and essayist

Amelia Lanier
- Female poet
- Italian origin

Philip Sidney

Mary Sidney

Lady Mary Wroth
- First woman to write sonnets

Stuarts

• 1603 – Elisabeth I. Died – end of the Tudors

• Stuarts took over England

James I.

• The 1st Stuart

• Son of Mary Stuart

• 1605 – commissioned the first translation of the Bible to English – many scholars took part in the translating process – through many languages – Greek, Latin, …

• It is the holy book, It contributes to the unification of the language, it existed in every home, from the poor, to the rich > It shows that the culture is mature

• People in England still use this translation up till this day

• Priest used to read the Bible in latin, now he reads it in English

• There were some translations even before, but they were only parts of the holy book (happened under the king Henry VIII. – he could speak Latin, French, English, … He was a scholar)

The Gunpowder plot

• The last attempt of Vatican to regain England

• They put gunpowder under the House of Parliament and wanted to blew it with the King inside

• Luckily it was discovered soon enough

• Popularity of the King had increased, the popularity the of the Church decreased

• 1st English colony – Jamestown in Virginia > They were looking for new economic opportunities – Tabaco (smoking and drinking appears even back then)

1620

• Puritans – Religious revolution

• Puritans thought that Anglican Church is not radical enough

• They demanded, that the Church should preach what Jesus teaches

• They wanted a new country

• Toward the new worlds – “Pilgrim fathers” > settled in Plymouth (nowadays Massatchusetts)

• They were not looking for economical profits, they were looking for religious freedom

• US at that time doesn’t have any official religion

• Year of intersection

Charles I.

• Becomes king in 1625

• Very authoritarian – he believed, that the only “being” he is responsible to, is God, caused a major fear, that he would become a tyrant

• Rising class (bourgeoisie) wanted the political power

• King wanted (but couldn’t) regulate/confirm the tax – this was exclusively a Parliament’s job

• Not only ideological, but also military conflict arose – civil war

• Puritans closed all the churches (1642)

• For Puritans theatre was a devilish art – they closed down all the theatres

• BUT they loved music, they thought that music brings them closer to heaven

• Parliament passed a law – HABEAS CORPUS – nobody can be held in the prison for more than 72 hours without the court and judges telling if he is guilty or not > became a real law afterwards

• Second phase of the war

• Aristocrats were trained to be warriors – politicians were not, they were businessmen – puritans, round hats

• Oliver Cromwell – defeating aristocracy

• King – brought to trial, found guilty, killed – law was broken! – One could only be judged by his superiors or by people his class and King Charles was judged by bourgeoisie