The British History-Lecture Notes - ke zkoušce

New World Jamestown (in Virginia) - first English colony

• economy ↑↑ (tobacco...)

1620 Puritans dissatisfied with revolution of the Anglican church

intersection between BrE and AmE history

• wanted to be closer to Jesus Christ; the church should follow this path

• → wanted a new country

• Plymouth → they got to Massachusetts via Mayflower

  • different kind of colonies

  • religion should be separated from political structure (didn't receive public money)

Charles I - authoritative (wanted control everything)

• E interested in business

• Africa (slaves, ivory, diamonds, sugar, cocoa)

• the bourgeoisie → wanted to rise to power (political)

  • they dominated the parliament (the king wanted to neglect it) ↓↓

  • conflict between royals and high class

    • (also military)

1642 Puritans closed down theatres (Devilish art, based on illusion)

Habeas Corpus /ˌheɪ.bi.əs ˈkɔː.pəs/ - nobody could be held imprisoned longer than 72 h without being accused and brought to court

Civil war → fight became a real war

• aristocrats were warriors

• parliament members were businessmen

• Oliver Cromwell

  • trained an army of "round heads" ← extremely sober; they cut they hair short

  • aristocrats defeated → the king brought to court → found guilty (fighting against his own nation, he brought the war) → executed (1649)

    • shock for aristocrats

“One could be judged by equals or his superiors on the social scale.” but not in this ↑↑ case; → the king was just a member of the society → laws apply to him ← radical, revolutionary

1649 - 1660 ruled by the Parliament (The Interregnum period; Common wealth period)

• lord Protector - the first among equals (gratified himself) → his son would be the new protector → What is the difference?

  • 1688 Oliver Cromwell Died; son wasn't gifted → removed from power → son of the executed king became the king

Charles II ↑↑ Restoration

↑↑ sent with his mother to the continent (France, The Netherlands)

• parliament had some conditions

  1. amnesty for those who judged his father

  2. no restitution of property (aristocrats during the revolution)

  1. → he said yes ← but he didn't keep his word; kept some of "them" in jail and then pardoned them

• dug out the corpse of Oliver Cromwell and hung it in front of the parliament (for a couple of months)

• opened theatres

  1. and let women on stage

• married Portuguese princess - she drunk tea ← tea was brought to England

• no legitimate son ↓↓

his brother James II became the king

• tried to reinstitute authoritarian system

1688 - the parliament obliged James II to resign and invited his daughter

• married to a Dutch William of Orange (son in law of James II)

• → asked to accept principal

• 1690 William of Orange rules England

  • impressive development of science, culture, economy

    • William Harvey – discovered blood circulation, modern surgery would not develop without it

    • Isaac Newton – gravity law, (sitting under the apple tree), professor at Cambridge

    • Roger Boyle - rival to Newton, discovered optics