The British History-Lecture Notes - ke zkoušce

Anna Sewell

• Black Beauty (a horse)

  • teaches to love nature and animals

Robert Louis Stevenson

• Treasure Island (age 12-16)

Anthony Hope

• The Prisoner of Zenda (fantasy story)

Oscar Wilde

• good for children

• The Happy Prince and Other Tales

• Lord Arthur Savile's Crime and Other Stories

Poetry

Alfred Tennyson

• The Brownings (Robert and his wife)

The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (Christina Rossetti, Dante Gabriel Rossetti

• from great Italian poet Raphael

• famous for paintings (grace and beauty)

• in order to achieve appreciation → back to beauty as Raphael

The Twentieth Century

1914-1918 World War I

• broke out because the new powers in Europe wanted colonies

  • F and E already divided Africa, Asia, …

  • (important for economies) → cheap raw materials (usually exploited for one material/source)

• excuse → assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria (in Sarajevo)

• extremely bloody

Serbia, Russia, France, Great Britain

X

Austria, Hungary, Germany, Turkey (Ottoman Empire)

• Germany attacked Belgium

• for GB → seen as threat to safety → volunteers enrolled to the army (fighting in order to defend the country)

• fights in the fields of France and Belgium

• later, the enthusiasm diminished

  • Why do we fight?

  • German used chemical weapons for the first time Ypres (the name of the city)

  • more civilians died than soldiers

1916 USA joined the fights

• a great economic power

1916 also Easter Rising – rising in Ireland

• GB wanted them to fight for GB; they didn’t want to → rebellion ← defeated → leaders were executed → shocked general public → had to make compromise with Ireland →independence

1917 Bolshevik Revolution

• Russia withdrawn from the war

  • affected the eastern front

Treaty of Versailles - Formal end of the war (28 June 1919)

Map of Europe changed

• Ottoman Empire …

• new countries appeared (Czechoslovakia, Poland…)

• position of women changed → worked in factories and needed more comfortable clothes (trousers)

  • also dresses became shorter; W were encouraged to leave home, started to cut their hair, a new femininity appears

WAR NEVER AGAIN → League of Nations – to maintain peace

German people were humiliated + economic restrictions + economic crisis → led to the second war

1922 separation of Ireland from Britain; partition in Northern Ireland (9 areas, 6 didn’t want to separate)

1929 Economic crises – problem of overproduction ← bcs Market worked freely without intervention

• those who owned means of production didn’t want to adjust prices (regardless of what others could afford)

• less money → les workers →less customers → again less money

• totalitarian regimes attracted people

1933 Hitler took power in Germany

• he fought in WWI

• played at feelings of humiliation after the WWI,

• great projects, investments (also in military)

  • strategy to improve crisis

  • public money to build roads etc. → jobs the economy got better

• claimed certain territories

  • appeasement policy

The Second World War

Hitler, Stalin signed non-aggression treaty → divided Europe, attacked Poland (1939) from both sides