Oral exam - Fonetika otázky

Phonetics = study of speech sounds

Phonology = study of the distinctive sounds of a specific language

1. Individual Phonemes

Phonemes = symbols representing the pronunciation of words

b → bilabial, plosive, voiced f → labiodental, fricative, voiceless

p → bilabial, plosive, voiceless v → labiodental, fricative, voiced

t → alveolar, plosive, voiceless θ → dental, fricative, voiceless

d→ alveolar, plosive, voiced ð → dental, fricative, voiced

k → velar, plosive, voiceless s → alveolar, fricative, voiceless

g → velar, plosive, voiced z → alveolar, fricative, voiced

ʃ → postalveolar, fricative, voiceless

ʒ → postalveolar, fricative, voiced

h → glottal, fricative, voiceless

tʃ → postalveolar, affricate, voiceless m → bilabial, nasal, voiced

ʤ → postalveolar, affricate, voiced n → alveolar, nasal, voiced

ɳ → velar, nasal, voiced

l → alveolar, lateral, voiced w → bilabial, approximant, voiced

j → palatal, approximant, voiced

r → , approximant, voiced

Groups of vowels:

Short vowels → /æ/ /ɒ/ /e/ / Ə/ /ɪ/ /ʌ/ /ʊ/

Long vowels → /ɑː/ /ɔː/ /iː/ /ɜː/ /uː/

Diphtongs → centring - /eƏ/ /ɪƏ/ /ʊƏ/ closing - /eɪ/ /aɪ/ /ɔɪ/ /aʊ/ /Əʊ/

Triphtongs → /eɪƏ/ /aɪƏ/ /ɔɪƏ/ /ƏʊƏ/ /aʊƏ/

What phonemes are different from Czech?

We don’t have θ and ð. We say ʤ only in foreign words – for example „jazz, gin“ .

How would you explain to someone how to pronounce these sounds?

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1. Aspiration

Aspiration = it’s a little puff of air which follows a speech sound

Aspirated are phonemes p, t, k

How is it different from Czech?

We don’t have aspirated phonemes. There is a lot of differencies – for example pill (as a medicine) and pil (on pil vodu) or click and klik

How do you explain this to a learner of English?

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1. Assimilation of voice

Assimilation = when a sound is influenced by one of its neighbours

• We know progressive and regressive assimilation

How is it different from Czech?

English doesn’t use regressive assimilation as Czech does with voiced or voiceless consonants.

Give examples:

Progressive assimilation – dogs – we say z because of g, played – we say d because of ei, cooked – we say t because of k

Regressive assimilation – tužka – we say š because of k, svatba – we say d because of b

What are the rules for the pronunciation of plural –s letter? Of –ed letters?

After voiceless sounds we say „s“ - for example giraffes, rats

After voiced sounds we say „z“ - for example lions, zebras

Sometimes we say „iz“ – when the singular ends with s, z, š, ž, č, dž – for example ostriches, finches

After voiceless sounds we say „t“ – for example cooked, stopped

After voiced sounds we say „d“ – for example rained, lived

After t or d we say „id“ – for example started, wanted

1. Word stress

Stress means prominence, it attracts attention. We apply it to words which have more than one syllable. Stressed syllables are made with more effort than unstressed syllables. The prominence is shown in four ways – pitch, length, loudness, quality.