Oral exam - Fonetika otázky
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We know primary stress and secondary stress in longer words.
How is it different from Czech word stress?
Czech stress is on the first syllable of word or on preposition before noun. English doesn’t have exact place for stress.
Describe typical word stress patterns?
One syllable words have only one syllable to stress – for example son, keen, play
Two syllable words can have stress on the first or on the second syllable BUT if the first syllable has schwa or a weak short vowel the second syllable is stressed – for example ago, about or event (ivent)
If the second syllable has schwa, the first syllable will be stressed – open, enter
When we have a syllable with schwa in three syllable and more words, the syllable will never be stressed syllable.
In words from Greek the third syllable from the end is stressed – biology, biological, psychological
Weak and strong forms
Which words have two forms of pronunciation?
Function words – these are articles, conjunctions, pronouns, prepositions, modal verbs and auxiliary (ógziljari) verbs
How are these words pronounced?
Words are not so long, vowels or consonants may disappear or some phonemes can change – hed → hƏd
What is the most common sound in English?
Schwa
What are the rules for pronouncing a particular words with a weak and strong form?
The strong form is used at the end of sentence – for example – Yes, I am.
The word which stands alone – for example in dictionary – And
Or when you wanna stress something – You must work harder.
Rhythm of English
What is stress timing and syllable timing?
Stress timed is English – it means that stress appears in regular intervals in sentence
Syllable timed is Czech – it means that stress appears in every word of the sentence
Hodinky jsou na stole. → The clock is on the table.
Elision
Why does it occur?
It’s a process which involves dropping vowels or consonants. It occurs in informal speech because of weak form.
Which sounds are often elided?
Identical consonants – Give Vera a sharp pencil
T and D are elided at the end of words – I don’t know – I dunno OR You and me – jů enmí
Liaison
What is it?
It is a linking of words in speech when the second word begins with a vowel
For example – an egg – eneg
Why does it happen?
Because there is no glottal stop before vowel. In Czech there is.
What are the rules for liaison?
When the first word ends with consonant and the second one starts with vowel, we link them.
Then we can link word which ends with vowel and the second word starts with vowel. In this case we add r, j or w between them.
Reduced forms
It is a process in connected speech. The phonemes are changed, minimized or eliminated to make prunciation easier. It is used in informal speech.
Examples – Wassup, lemme – let me, gimme – give me, wanna – wan to, gonna – going to
Intonation
It’s when people speak they raise and lower the pitch, they form pitch patterns and change their speech rhythm.