Shrnutí - morfologie
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ARTICLES WITH ABSTRACT UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS:
- usually no article when used generically
They must go hand in hand with practice.
- normally no article occurs when an abst. uncount. noun is pre-modified:
She studies English history.
- if the same noun is post-modified, especially by an "of phrase", we use the definite article
She studies the history of English
ARTICLES WITH PROPER NOUS
- Proper nouns always have a definite reference
- no article with common nouns is different from zero article, because zero article expresses specific indefinite reference or generic reference, which doesn't go together with the nature of proper nouns
S
- while traditional grammars usually define nouns and verbs semantically, they often shift to functional criteria to characterize adjectives: "a word that modifies a noun or a pronoun"
this definition holds for simple cases:
old shoes, offensive remark X stone wall, stony path,* old them
additional criteria are needed:
adjectives can be compared
they can end in adjectival derivational suffixes
relatively set position in a sentence
positions of adjectives in a sentence:
Attributive: in front of a noun phrase it modifies: useful information
Predicative: it comes directly after copula (linking) verb = subject/object complement: This information is useful.
adjectives in predicative position are usually the complement of a (copula) linking verb (e.g. be, become, feel, seem,...)
example: When she heard the noise Mary became very uneasy.
However, after certain verbs of thinking and feeling (i.e. consider, find, think) we can omit the linking verb:
example: I consider/find (to be) very reliable.
Many adjectives beginning with the letters "a" and adjectives describing health and feelings are not usually used before nouns, we use them in predicative position.
example: Try not to disturb the children; they are asleep.
Adjectives usually used in predicative position:
beginning with "a" ablaze, afloat, afraid, alight, alike, alive, alone, aloof, ashamed, askew, asleep, awake, aware
health and feelings content, fine, glad, ill, pleased, poorly, ready, sorry, sure, upset
Some predicative adjectives have equivalent words which can be used before a noun:
example: They are doing experiments on live animals/animals which are alive.
predicative alive afraid alike asleep ill
attributive live/living frightened similar sleeping sick
most adjectives beginning with a: be alive, awake, predicative adjectives often express not permanent, but time neutral characteristic: they are happy together
: directly after the noun phrase it modifies, can usually be regarded as a reduced relative clause: something useful
obligatory if an adjective is postmodified: a situation impossible to foresee, common with pronouns: anything definite
Sometimes the position of an adjective can change its meaning:
a) Attributive X predicative position:
Agatha is very old now. He's an old friend.
Your suitcase is very heavy. Paterson is a heavy smoker.