Syntax - semináře zápisky

S V O

S V C

Before he moved to Liberec, he lived in Prague.

A S V A

S V A

Článek – úkol

… the largest arena humanity has ever known, the Internet.

• It is defining relative clause

• It functions as an object

• It is omitted

• Line 11

… the day he died.

• Line 17

• Other WH- words (when) – the day when he died

• It can be omitted – it has its own subject

… near the home where he grew up

• Line 32

• Other WH- words (where)

…the way he did.

• Line 48

• We can’t use – The way how he did!

• Other WH- words ???? – not exactly this category but there’s no other category where we could put it

…from a toilet he had been sitting ON.

• Line 50

• Defining relative clause

• It functions as an object of a preposition

• We can also use “WHICH he had been sitting ON/THAT he had been sitting ON”

What we know..

• Line 61

• We can change – “The thing that/which we know”

• It functions as a subject

…at the Los Angeles mansion he was renting called..

• Line 62

• Defining relative clause

• Mansion that he was renting

• It functions as an object

...impounded the car Murray used…

• Line 71

• Defining relative clause

• The car that Murray used

• It functions as an object

• We can use “WHICH/THAT the car..”

…medications that might have played…

• Line 73

• It functions as a subject

… charges he beats…

• Line 78

• It functions as an object

• “Charges WHICH/THAT..”

…genetic disorder that weakens the lungs

• Line 82

• Defining relative clause

• It functions as a subject

… concerts that were to begin…

• Line 86

• Defining relative clause

• It functions as a subject

… executive producer Ken Ehrlich, who attended a June 24…

• Line 88-89

• Non-defining relative clause

• It functions as a subject

• WHO - It can’t be left out

…what the toxicology…

• Line 98

• Nominal relative clause

• We can say: to hear the message that the toxicology…

…to the point of suffocation, which can deprive the heart…

• Line 109-110

• Sentential relative clause

• ,WHICH = což

12. 11. 2018

- “That” can function as a subject/object only in relative clauses

- In nominal clauses “that” functions as a conjunction - That the sun rises every morning is well-known fact. → it can’t be left out

S V C

BACKSHIFT

Indirect (Reported) speech/sequence of tenses

I am hungry.

→ She said (that) she was hungry

I like it.

→ She said (that) she liked it.

• Main clause became subordinate clause – nominal clause → we do it only when the framing clause is in the past tense (past simple, past continuous)

• She said = framing clause

• In terms of pronouns, verb forms we should use backshift

• They always backshift pronouns, verb forms

• I am hungry now. I like it here. – adverbials of time and place – it depends on the reference

Reference can be:

NOW

• When the reference is “now” we change only pronouns and verb forms

• I like it here. – What did she say? → She said (that) she liked it here.

• Today stays today/tomorrow stays tomorrow/ 2 days ago stays 2 days ago

THEN (tehdy)

• We change pronouns, tense and adverbs of time/place

• When the reference is “then” we change pronouns, verb forms and adverbials of time and place

• When it happened in past – She said (that) she was hungry then.

• Today become that day/tomorrow become the next/following day/2 days ago become 2 days before

• We don't have to use backshift when the statement it still true (when the reference is “now”) (it's optional) or when it's considered to be a general truth (eternal truth, e.g. John said that Canberra is the capital of Australia.)

• We usually backshift tenses, pronouns and place/time adverbs.

• We use it most commonly in indirect speech. - (after framing/introducing clause → it becomes a nominal clause answering… what?)

• Back-shift isn’t compulsory in all indirect speech. (past perfect can't be backshifted and we don't use backshift with eternal truths)

• We also use it in hypothetical conditions. (TYPE 2: If I were you subordinate clause, I would stay at home main clause.= second conditional referring to the present, TYPE 3: I would have bought it main clause if I had had time .subordinate clause= referring to the past (past perfect tense)

  • She said (that) if she were me she would stay at home.

  • She said (that) she would have bought it if she had had time.

  • In hypothetical conditions we backshift only pronouns in type 2 and 3, we backshift pronouns and tenses in type 1 referring to future