Syntax - semináře zápisky
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All verb tenses have corresponding back-shifted forms. (past perfect doesn't, wishes + conditions…)
We use back-shift after verbs of wishing.
We backshift pronouns and also tenses
Back-shift takes place after would rather/sooner. (when we use a different S)
I’d rather stay at home. (S = I) I’d rather you stayed at home tonight. (S = you; ← we use backshift)
The back-shifted form of I think is always I thought.
Pronouns are often back-shifted in indirect speech. (this → that, these → those; you → me (reported))
We often use back-shift to show social distancing. (Could you…)
We don’t use backshift in eternal truth (2+2 is 4)
We don’t use backshift past perfect tense – it can’t be backshifted more
CVIČENÍ
I shall tell him exactly what I think.
→She said she would tell him exactly what she thought. (“would” is used because it refers to the future)
Shall I speak to him?
→She said if she should speak to him? (
You should see a specialist.
→ She said I should see a specialist. (It can’t be backshifted) “could, would, might, should” can’t be backshifted any further
I would like an appointment.
→ She said she would like an appointment.
We must go early tomorrow.
→She said they had to go early tomorrow. (deontic modality) → tomorrow can be changed in “the next/following day” if the reference is “then”
George must be French
→She said George must be French. (epistemic modality → the modal verb stays the same)
Exercise:
Analyse the sentences below in terms of main clauses and different types of subordinate clauses. Write the names of subordinate clauses (e.g. adverbial clause of reason) above the chunks of words they refer to and specify the functions (e.g. object direct) they perform. If you come across the infinitive of purpose, change it into an adverbial clause of purpose. If you come across an adverbial clause of purpose, change it into the infinitive of purpose if possible.
(When, at the age of five, David Prince began using a calculator), his proud parents foresaw (that he would do well at school).
1 – AC of time/A
2 – main clause
3 – nominal THAT clause/Ob
They could not have anticipated the problem (he would face 14 years later.)
1 – main clause
2 – Defining RC/ PM
(1While most pupils his age are struggling with A-levels,) he is trying to perform a balancing between schoolwork and making his first million from a computer consultancy.
1 – AC of concession/ADV
2 – main caluse
Since his early days, Prince has progressed from computer to computer with such ease (that he now sells his own programmes to property firms.)
1 - main clause (Since - preposition)
2 - AC of result/A
Last week he was plunged into controversy (when his father told the headmaster) (that his son wished to leave school) (so that he could devote himself to his computer consultancy,) (which the boy runs from his bedroom.)
1 – main clause
2 – AC of time (or defining RC - PM)/ADV
3 – nominal THAT clause – Ob