AJ-4-The-human-body

Simple fractures are fractures that occur along one line, splitting the bone into two pieces, while multi-fragmentary fractures involve the bone splitting into multiple pieces. A simple, closed fracture is much easier to treat and has a much better prognosis than an open, contaminated fracture. Other considerations in fracture care are displacement and angulation. If angulation or displacement is large, reduction (manipulation) of the bone may be required and, in adults, frequently requires surgical care.

Stress fractures occur largely in the weight-bearing bones, such as the tibia or fibula (bones of the lower leg) and metatarsals (bones of the foot), and are common in sports that require repetitive impact, primarily running/jumping sports such as gymnastics or track and field. Running creates forces two to three times a person's body weight on the lower limbs.

Stress fractures usually have a narrow list of symptoms. It could present as a generalized area of pain, tenderness, and pain with weight-bearing. Usually when running, a stress fracture has severe pain in the beginning of the run, moderate pain in the middle of the run, and severe pain at the end and after the run. X-rays usually do not show any evidence of stress fractures, so a CT scan, or MRI may be more effective in unclear cases.

Joint dislocation takes place when bones in a joint become displaced or misaligned. It is often caused by a sudden impact to the joint. The ligaments almost always become damaged as a result of a dislocation. Once a joint is dislocated, it may reduce (return to its proper position) on its own, or it may require physical manipulation. Once reduction is achieved, the joint is held in place through a splint (for straight joints like fingers and toes) or a bandage (for complex joints like shoulders). Even if a dislocated joint reduces on its own, it should be immobilized and medical attention should be sought. Contact sports such as football and basketball, as well as high-impact sports and sports that can result in excessive stretching or falling, cause the majority of dislocations. The shoulders, fingers, and wrists are all common places for a dislocation to occur.

Menisci are cartilaginous elements within the knee joint which serve to protect the ends of the bones from rubbing on each other and to effectively deepen the tibial sockets into which the femur attaches. There are two menisci in each knee, the medial and the lateral meniscus. Either or both may be cracked, or torn, when the knee is forcefully rotated and/or bent.

Overtraining occurs when the volume and intensity of an exercise exceeds the organism’s recovery capacity. Improvements in strength and fitness occur only during the rest period following the training. This process takes at least 36 hours to complete. If sufficient rest is not available then complete regeneration cannot occur. If this imbalance between excess training and inadequate rest persists then the individual's performance will eventually plateau and decline. Overtraining may be accompanied by one or more of the following symptoms: persistent muscle soreness, persistent fatigue, elevated resting heart rate, increased susceptibility to infections, increased incidence of injuries, irritability, depression and loss of motivation.